What is the study of tissues called?

Histology

Which tissue type is primarily responsible for binding, supporting, and protecting other tissues?

Connective tissue

Which type of membrane consists of connective tissue?

Synovial membrane

Which membrane lines body cavities that open to the outside of the body?

Mucous membrane

What is the membrane surrounding the lungs called?

Pleura

What is the membrane directly covering the surface of an organ within a serous cavity called?

Visceral layer

What epithelial classification describes tissue with a single layer of cells?

Simple

What term describes epithelial cells that are approximately as tall as they are wide?

Cuboidal

What term describes epithelial cells that are taller than they are wide?

Columnar

Which epithelial tissue is specialized to stretch and return to its original shape?

Transitional

Which type of gland releases its secretions through ducts?

Exocrine

Which type of gland releases hormones directly into the blood?

Endocrine

Which connective tissue fiber provides great tensile strength and resists pulling forces?

Collagen fibers

Which connective tissue fiber allows tissues to stretch and return to their original shape?

Elastic fibers

Which connective tissue forms a supportive framework for organs such as lymph nodes and the spleen?

Reticular connective tissue

Which connective tissue is specialized for storing energy in the form of fat?

Adipose tissue

Which type of cartilage provides strong support and shock absorption?

Fibrocartilage

Which cartilage type provides flexible support and is found in structures such as the external ear?

Elastic cartilage

Which type of muscle tissue is under voluntary control?

Skeletal muscle

Which type of muscle tissue is found in the walls of hollow organs?

Smooth muscle

Which type of muscle tissue is found only in the heart?

Cardiac muscle

Which cells are primarily responsible for transmitting electrical signals in nervous tissue?

Neurons

Which cells support and protect neurons?

Neuroglia

During tissue repair, which phase occurs first?

Inflammation

What is the purpose of a blood clot during tissue repair?

To stop bleeding and provide a temporary framework for repair

Which layer of the skin contains the blood vessels, nerves, glands, and hair follicles?

Dermis

Which layer of the skin is composed primarily of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium?

Epidermis

Which epidermal layer is the deepest?

Stratum basale

Which epidermal layer is found only in thick skin?

Stratum lucidum

Which layer of the dermis is the deeper and thicker layer?

Reticular layer

What is the hypodermis primarily composed of?

Adipose and areolar connective tissue

Which protein helps protect the skin and makes it relatively waterproof?

Keratin

Which pigment provides much of the normal color of the skin and helps protect against ultraviolet radiation?

Melanin

A person with very little or no melanin production may have what condition?

Albinism

What is a bluish discoloration of the skin caused by inadequate oxygenation called?

Cyanosis

What condition is associated with yellowing of the skin?

Jaundice

What is the portion of the hair that projects above the surface of the skin?

Hair shaft

What is the portion of the hair located within the follicle?

Hair root

What is the growth zone of the hair containing mitotically active cells?

Hair matrix

Which structure within the hair bulb contains blood vessels and nerves?

Hair papilla

What is the central core of the hair?

Medulla

Which layer surrounds the medulla of the hair?

Cortex

Which part of the hair is made of hard, keratinized cells forming its outer layer?

Cuticle

Which structure causes the hair to stand up when you are cold or frightened?

Arrector pili muscle

Which structure is the matrix of proliferating cells from which the nail body forms?

Nail matrix

What is the crescent-shaped region at the base of the nail called?

Lunula

What is the area beneath the free edge of the nail called?

Hyponychium

Which type of sweat gland is primarily involved in thermoregulation?

Eccrine gland

Which type of sweat gland is associated with areas such as the axilla and groin?

Apocrine gland

Which glands produce an oily secretion called sebum?

Sebaceous glands

Which glands produce cerumen, commonly called earwax?

Ceruminous glands

Which function of the integumentary system helps prevent excessive loss of body heat?

Thermoregulation

Which type of skin cancer develops from cells in the deepest layer of the epidermis?

Basal cell carcinoma

Which type of skin cancer develops from melanocytes?

Malignant melanoma

In the ABCDE rule for evaluating skin lesions, what does the E stand for?

Evolving

Which degree of burn affects only the epidermis?

First-degree burn

Which degree of burn involves the epidermis and part of the dermis and commonly produces blisters?

Second-degree burn

Which degree of burn destroys the epidermis and dermis?

Third-degree burn

What is a thickened area of skin caused by repeated friction or pressure called?

Callus

What is a pressure ulcer caused by prolonged pressure on an area of the body also called?

Bedsore or decubitus ulcer

Which is NOT one of the major functions of bones?

Digestion

Which bone marking is an opening through which blood vessels and nerves can pass?

Foramen

Which bone marking is a smooth, rounded surface that forms a joint?

Condyle

Which bone marking is a depression or shallow groove?

Fossa

Which type of bone has a greater length than width and includes bones such as the femur?

Long bone

Which type of bone includes the vertebrae?

Irregular bone

Which type of bone includes the skull bones and sternum?

Flat bone

Which type of bone includes the wrist and ankle bones?

Short bone

Which portion of a long bone is the shaft?

Diaphysis

Which portion of a long bone is located at either end?

Epiphysis

Which structure contains yellow bone marrow in an adult long bone?

Medullary cavity

Which membrane covers the external surface of a bone except at the joint surfaces?

Periosteum

Which membrane lines the internal surfaces of the bone?

Endosteum

What is hematopoietic tissue responsible for?

Blood cell production

In adults, where is red bone marrow found primarily?

Spongy bone of certain bones

Which bone cell is responsible for building new bone?

Osteoblast

Which bone cell is responsible for breaking down bone tissue?

Osteoclast

Which mature bone cell maintains the bone matrix?

Osteocyte

Which type of bone tissue forms the dense outer layer of bones?

Compact bone

Which type of bone tissue contains many spaces and is lighter than compact bone?

Spongy bone

What is the basic structural unit of compact bone?

Osteon

Which structures are thin plates or rods of bone that make up spongy bone?

Trabeculae

Which mineral gives bone much of its hardness?

Calcium phosphate

Which component of bone provides flexibility and tensile strength?

Collagen fibers

Which type of ossification forms bone directly from connective tissue?

Intramembranous ossification

Which type of ossification replaces a cartilage model with bone?

Endochondral ossification

Long bones primarily increase in length at what structure?

Epiphyseal plate

Which hormone is important in regulating bone growth?

Growth hormone

What does bone deposition refer to?

The formation of new bone

What does bone resorption refer to?

The breakdown of bone tissue

Which cells are primarily responsible for bone resorption?

Osteoclasts

Which type of fracture is characterized by the bone breaking through the skin?

Open fracture

Which type of fracture occurs when the bone is bent and only partially breaks?

Greenstick fracture

Which type of fracture produces several bone fragments?

Comminuted fracture

Which type of fracture results from excessive twisting?

Spiral fracture

During bone fracture healing, what forms first to stabilize the injured area?

Hematoma

Which stage of fracture healing involves formation of new bone and cartilage around the fracture?

Fibrocartilaginous callus formation

Which stage of fracture healing replaces the temporary callus with stronger bone?

Bony callus formation

Which process restores bone closer to its original shape and structure after a fracture?

Remodeling

What condition is characterized by decreased bone mass and increased risk of fractures?

Osteoporosis