Thermodynamics

branch of physics studying energy and energy transformations

First Law of Thermodynamics

energy cannot be created or destroyed only transferred or transformed

Second Law of Thermodynamics

energy transformations increase disorder called entropy

Entropy

disorder of the universe that increases during reactions

Kinetic energy

energy of motion including light and heat

Potential energy

stored energy including chemical energy in glucose and ATP

ATP

nucleotide molecule that stores usable cellular energy

Adenosine triphosphate

molecule made of three phosphates ribose sugar and adenine base

Breathing

intake of oxygen and release of carbon dioxide

Cellular respiration

series of reactions that use glucose sometimes oxygen to produce ATP

Aerobic respiration

cellular respiration that uses oxygen and produces about 36 net ATP

Anaerobic respiration

cellular respiration without oxygen producing 2 net ATP

Redox reaction

reaction involving movement of electrons between molecules

Reduction

gain of electrons by a molecule

Oxidation

loss of electrons by a molecule

Oil Rig

mnemonic meaning oxidation is loss and reduction is gain

Phosphorylation

process that produces ATP

Oxidative phosphorylation

ATP production during redox reactions

Substrate level phosphorylation

ATP production from an enzymatic reaction

Glycolysis

splitting of glucose into two pyruvates producing 2 net ATP and 2 NADH

Cytoplasm

location where glycolysis occurs

Pyruvate

three carbon product of glycolysis

NADH

temporary electron carrier produced during glycolysis and other steps

NAD plus

oxidized form of NADH that accepts electrons

Bridge Reaction

conversion of pyruvate into acetyl CoA

Acetyl CoA

molecule entering the Krebs Cycle

Coenzyme A

molecule added to pyruvate to form acetyl CoA

Mitochondrial matrix

location of the Krebs Cycle

Krebs Cycle

cycle that produces CO2 ATP NADH and FADH2

FADH2

electron carrier produced during the Krebs Cycle

Electron Transport Chain

final step of aerobic respiration producing most ATP

Cristae

folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane where ETC occurs

Cytochrome complex

series of integral proteins that pass electrons in the ETC

ATP synthase

enzyme that produces ATP using hydrogen ion flow

Final electron acceptor

oxygen which forms water

Chemiosmosis

movement of hydrogen ions through ATP synthase to make ATP

Gross ATP from ETC

34 ATP produced before subtracting transport cost

Net ATP from ETC

32 ATP after subtracting 2 ATP used to transport NADH

Total ATP aerobic

about 36 to 38 ATP per glucose

Anaerobic respiration

respiration without oxygen producing 2 ATP

Fermentation

process following glycolysis when oxygen is absent

Alcohol fermentation

conversion of pyruvate into ethanol and CO2

Lactic acid fermentation

conversion of pyruvate into lactate

Lactate

product of lactic acid fermentation causing muscle cramping

Phosphofructokinase

enzyme inhibited by high ATP or citrate levels

Citrate

molecule from Krebs Cycle that inhibits phosphofructokinase

AMP

molecule that stimulates phosphofructokinase when energy is low