Abrasion

An irregular skin defect, or scraped area of the skin. Injury caused by superficial damage to skin (epidermis - no scarring). tissues commonly effected - skin etiology - traumatic injury

adhesion

opaque light-tan or gray-tan fibrous bands of scar tissue formed between internal organs and tissues (joining them abnormally). Made of CT cells that form as a natural element of healing. tissues - loops of the intestines, other abdominal organs (liver, bladder), abdominal walls, uterus etiology - Asherman syndrome, postsurgical complication.

annular/circinate

A lesion/area of interest that is shaped like, or forms, a ring. These indicate an inflammatory or malignant process. tissues - mucous membranes, skin etiology - colonic adenocarcinoma, dermatophytosis, sarcoidosis, tinea

anthracotic pigment

black diffuse pigmentation on the surface of the specimen. anthracosis is the accumulation of carbon pigment from dirty air or smoke. tissues - lungs, mediastinal lymph nodes etiology - smoking, urban areas (high pollution)

apple-core

Relatively short, sharply defined lesion of circumferential, annular, constricting colonic narrowing with overhanging margins. Commonly an adenocarcinoma arising in the large intestine (can also be in the esophagus). tissues - large intestine, small intestine, esophagus etiology - adenocarcinoma

asymmetrical

a lesion, organ, or area of interest that lacks symmetry. exhibit dissimilarity in corresponding, normally similar parts or organs on opposite sides of the body. tissues - any organ/tissue that is bilateral or has right-left hemispheres etiology - any disease process including tumors, inflammation, and edema.

atelectatic

A collapse of lung tissue affecting part or all of the lung. blockage can be from a mucus plug, foreign object, tumor, or surgical complication. Blockage causes the alveoli to be unable to fill with air, so it can cause the lung tissue to collapse. tissues - lungs etiology - tumors, mucous plugs, foreign objects, congenital atelectasis

atrophic

A wasting or decrease in size of a body organ, tissue, or part owing to injury, disease, or lack of use. tissues - any etiology - amyotrophia, amyotrophy, kraurosis, cachexia, muscular dystrophy.

bilateral

any gross appearance involving both left and right sides of the body. This specifically refers to paired organs that are on opposite sides of the body (kidneys, parotid glands) tissues - organs with bilateral symmetry (kidneys, parotid glands, thyroid, ovaries, lungs etiology - pulmonary embolism, thyroiditis, polycystic kidney disease, arthritis, addison disease

bile-stained

a green to dark-green fluid that is absorbed into the lining or mucosa of a specimen. tissues - gall bladder, small intestine, peritoneal cavity, stomach etiology - gall bladder mucosa (normal finding), or liver disease if found in the peritoneal cavity.

bivalved

a specimen cut into 2 equal parts. done to examine the internal contents of organ or to allow formalin fixation (this is done in the lab) tissues - any tissue sent to pathology

blister

a localized swelling of the skin that contains watery fluid. these are saccular skin vesicles filled with serous fluid that separates the epidermis and/or dermis. tissues - skin, mucosa etiology - trauma, burning, infection, irritation

bosselated

area marked by numerous or rounded protuberances. usually reserved for describing the surface of a specimen. tissues - skin, serosal/organ surfaces etiology - malignant or benign tumors, leiomyomas, edema

botryoid

numerous rounded protuberances. can be fluid-filled cystic structures or solid (usually translucent and resemble a bunch of grapes). tissues - soft tissue tumors, molar pregnancies, polyps etiology - molar pregnancy, odontogenic cyst, sarcoma botryoides.

bulla

large vesicle or blister (over 5 mm). these are similar to blister in contents and appearance, but are larger (thin-walled, balloon-like extensions or air sacs that are commonly found in lungs. tissues - skin, lung etiology - trauma (skin), in the lung, emphysema, COPD, or spontaneous pneumothorax.

Calculus

Firm, stone-like objects that occupy lumens or ducts. Usually found in biliary and urinary tracts. Abnormal stones formed in body tissues by an accumulation of mineral salts. Tissues - gallbladder, kidneys Etiology - cholelithiasis, renal calculi

Caseous

A necrotic lesion or area of interest that is cottage cheese-like in appearance. Tissues - lung Etiology - infections such as TB; central necrosis in malignant tumors.

Centrally located

A lesion or landmark that occupies the central space of a specimen Tissues - any

Chalky

An opaque tan or white-tan soft material occupying spaces or surfaces in a specimen. Also used to describe the unique gross features of a person with gout. This material usually indicates defective calcification or fatty necrosis. Tissues - toes, soft tissues, teeth Etiology - gout, chronic pancreatitis, onychomycosis, tumoral calcinosis.

circular/doughnut-shaped

A lesion or specimen that is circular and hollow. Can be used to refer to the shape of a lesion or the shape of a whole specimen. Tissues - any

Circumferential

A lesion or area of interest that is encircling and/or pertains to the circumference or perimeter of a specimen. Often reserved for gross descriptions of luminal specimens, such as the intestinal tract. Tissues - luminal structures, such as GIT Etiology - tumors, objects causing obstruction.

Circumscribed

A lesion or structure contained in a well-defined area or within definite boundaries or limits. Used to describe the appearance of a lesion within a specimen. Well-_____ lesions are usually benign. Tissues - any Etiology - lipoma, adenomas, leiomyomas

Clot/thrombus

Dark-red, soft, insoluble, jellylike masses. These are formed when blood and lymph coagulate. Abnormal ones can cause heart attack, stroke, or other issues. Tissues - vessels, major organ systems Etiology - deep vein thrombosis, stroke, myocardial infarction, thrombosis.

Coalesced

A lesion with 2 or more areas adherent or attached to each other due to a pathologic process. These lesions have joining or fused parts. In pathology, this is usually observed as numerous raised nodules that often appear in groups on the skin surface of the knees, elbows, and LE. The nodules _____ to form a large patch that appears to be a single lesion. Tissues - any area affected by multifocal disease Etiology - tumors; benign/malignant skin lesions.

Cobblestone

A morphology/pattern characterized by multiple, similarly sized, rounded densities, which project from a single linear surface that rises above a flattened plane. Ex. uniform nodules, due to submucosal edema, with crisscrossing of ulcers through inflamed but intact intestinal mucosa. Tissues - GIT Etiology - Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis.

Congested

A lesion or area with dark-blue to purple tissue. Characterized by excessive accumulation of a substance like blood; may result from increased production of the sub. and/or flow of the sub. into tissue. Can also result from decreased ability of heart to pump. Tissues - any Etiology - infarct, torsion

Corrugated

A lesion or area that has folds, or parallel and alternating ridges and grooves. Tissues - any Etiology - trauma

Crystalline

A lesion or area that is transparent and appears composed of mineral, glass, or crystal. Appearance comes from plane faces intersecting at definite angles (associated with calculi/crystal-forming disease). Tissues - gallbladder, kidney Etiology -cholelithiasis, kidney stones

Cylindrical

A lesion or gross appearance that relates to, or has the shape of, a cylinder (circular cylinder). Tissues - appendix, fallopian tube, vas deferens

cystic

An abnormal membranous sac containing a gaseous, liquid, or semisolid sub. Tissues - any, but most commonly ovaries and skin Etiology - ovarian ___, dermoid ___, blood ___, hydatid, pilar ____, sebaceous ___

defect

An imperfection or hole in a specimen. Usually associated with trauma or surgery. Tissues - any Etiology - trauma

degeneration

Necrosis; or areas of solid, uninvolved tissue with central or peripheral necrosis. Often seen grossly in large tumor masses that have outgrown blood supply. Hallmark of tissue, cells, organs with gradual deterioration, impairment, LOF caused by injury, disease, aging. Tissues - any Etiology - malignant tumors, areas w/ decreased vascular supply

Demarcated

A lesion or area that shows sharp transition from one gross appearance to another. The transition may occur from a disease process to normal tissue. Tissues - any, but most commonly seen in the GIT Etiology - ischemia, inflammatory bowel disease.

Dense/solid

A compact structure, containing no hollow or liquid-filled pockets. Tissues can present as this due to a desmoplastic response to chronic inflammation and/or tumors. Both benign and malignant can have this appearance. Tissues - any (commonly breast or colon) Etiology - Chronic inflammation, tumors, desmoplastic response, fibrothecoma, fibroids, fibroma, fibromatosis.

Depressed

An area of interest that exhibits a hollow area with downward or inward displacement. A _____ may indicate a disease process such as edema, where an indentation is produced by pressure. Tissues - any (commonly subcutaneous tissues) Etiology - pitting edema

Diffuse

A disease process that is spread out or distributed across a specimen. A diffuse distribution of a lesion may indicate local metastasis in malignant tumors. Tissues - any Etiology - Malignant tumors, infectious diseases (TB).

Dilated

A widening or expansion of a particular area in a specimen. Usually reserved for luminal structures of the body, including vessels and areas of the GIT. Can arise from increased vascular flow in vessels or obstructions in luminal structures. Tissues - GIT, vessels, fallopian tubes Etiology - emphysema, obstructions due to clots, inflammation, tumors

Discoloration

An alteration in color from normal appearance. Can arise from a variety of disease processes Tissues - any Etiology - ischemia, infarct, infarct of vasculature, tumors

distended

Stretching or swelling in a specimen caused by internal pressure. Tissues - GIT Etiology - bowel obstruction, aneurysm, arteriovenous malformation.

Diverticulum

An outpouching of a hollow (or fluid-filled) structure. Can affect many or all of the layers of the structure. Severe ____ disease can cause perforations, resulting in abscesses and bleeding, especially in the colon. Tissues - GIT, urethra, bladder, gallbladder, appendix Etiology -

eccentrically located

a lesion or gross finding that is off center. often used to describe the appearance of a lesion in relation to the rest of the specimen. tissues - any organ etiology - tumor masses and other lesions

edematous

a swelling of otherwise normal-appearing tissue. swelling arises from an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitium, which is located beneath the skin, or in 1 or more cavities of the body. tissues - cutaneous tissues, GI tract etiology - cutaneous edema, pulmonary edema, peripheral edema

ellipse

a specimen shaped like an ellipse. reserved for describing the general shape of some specimens. common shape of skin excision specimens, such as wide excisions for skin cancer, and in breast mastectomy specimens. tissue - skin etiology - skin cancers and underlying disease processes where skin excision is needed; mastectomy specimens.

elongated

tissues or structures that appear stretched out compared to normal. this is reserved for describing specimens in comparison to the normal appearance of the specimen. tissues - any etiology - N/A

encapsulated

a space enclosed by a coating or membrane. refers to a tumor confined to a specific area, surrounded by a thin layer of fibrous tissue. lesions with protective capsuled are often benign. tissues - any (commonly thyroid, breast, ovary, lipoma etiology - follicular lesions of the thyroid, ovarian tumors

encircling

a lesion or area of interest that forms a circle around, or surrounds, another area or structure. circumferential colon cancers have been grossly described as this. tissues - any, commonly skin etiology - infections, trauma, colon cancer.

eroded

a wearing away of overlying tissue. these appear as slightly depressed areas of skin in which part or all of the epidermis has been lost tissues - skin etiology - trauma, neoplasia, chronic infl

everted

an area or lesion on a specimen that protrudes outward compared to the rest of the specimen. tissues - skin etiology - N/A

excoriated

a lesion or area of interest of the skin that has undergone a superficial abrading or wearing off. tissues - skin etiology - trauma (scratching, abrasion), chemical burns, thermal burns

excrescence

an abnormal outgrowth or projection related to a disease or pathologic condition. the presence of this may indicate a premalignant or malignant condition tissues - ovaries etiology - borderline ovarian tumors

exophytic

an outgrowth, often lobulated or irregular in appearance. these grow outward from a surface and can be seen almost anywhere in the body. tissues - skin, liver, kidney, oral mucosa etiology - tumors

exudate

an opaque, soft, light-tan or gray-tan material that is adherent to the surface of a specimen. a fluid with a high content of protein and cell debris that has escaped blood vessels, and been deposited in tissues or on tissue surfaces. tissues - appendix, bowel, peritoneal surfaces, other abdominal organs etiology - appendicitis, bowel perforation, peritonitis.

fat necrosis

small (1-4 mm), dull, chalky, gray or white foci. death of adipose tissue, characterized by formation of minute quantities of calcium soaps formed in the affected tissue when fat is hydrolyzed into glycerol and fatty acids. tissues - pancreas, breast, subcutaneous fat etiology - hemorrhagic pancreatitis, trauma, collagen vascular disease, myeloproliferative disorders.

fenestrated

a lesion or area that has window-like openings. these can be natural or surgically created. tissues - trachea, arteries, oral cavity etiology - surgical perforation of mucoperiosteum, ___ tracheal defect, trauma

fibrofatty

yellow, lobulated tissue with gray-white bands throughout. refers to tissue that contains both fibrous and fatty components. usually normal in subcutaneous tissues tissues - breast, subcutaneous tissue

fibrous

dense white to gray homogenous or striated tissue. consists of common CT of the body, composed of yellow-white parallel elastic and collagen fibers tissues - breast and other soft tissues etiology - fibromatosis, fibrous dysplasia, fibroma

filiform

a lesion or area that forms or resembled a thread or filament. can be normal, but can also indicate a disease process. tissues - skin etiology - viral warts, some cancers, normal heart structures

firm

areas of tissue, or entire tissue specimen, with a solid, almost unyielding surface or structure. tissues received are usually soft and so any variations are considered firm. tissues - calcified areas etiology - calciphylaxis

fistula

an abnormal connection between 2 organs, or between an organ and the exterior of the body. MC in GIT, between blood vessels, and in urinary, reproductive, and lymphatic systems. can be form congenital or pathologic conditions. tissues - GIT, urinary tract, reproductive tract etiology - inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes, AIDS, cancer

flat

smooth and even, without marked lumps or indentations. tissues - any

flecked

small markings, streaks, or speckles, usually on serosal or mucosal surfaces. tissues - gallbladder etiology - cholesterolosis

fleshy

a homogenous, often tan or light-tan cut surface consisting of, or resembling, flesh. tissues - lymph nodes, any soft tissue etiology - lymphoma, sarcoma, carcinoid, gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST).

fluid-filled

a structure, usually a cyst, that contains fluid. cysts and cavities often contain various types of fluid and are thus referred to as this. usually followed by another descriptive term. tissues - cysts, cavities, lungs etiology - serous or mucinous cystadenoma, blisters, pulmonary edema.

focal

a localized area of interest. there are often specific areas of interest that are located within normal or abnormal areas. tissues - any

fractured

broken or ruptured bone or other firm tissues. mostly applied to bone or boney specimens, but can also apply to other firm tissues, such as gallstones tissues - bones, cartilage etiology - trauma, bone tumors

friable

tissue that is easily broken into small fragments or reduced to powder. in general, friable tissue in the pathology lab can be attributed to tissue necrosis or to the drying out of tissue. tissues - any etiology - tissue necrosis, drying out of tissue, gallstones

fungating

a well-defined, ulcerating, and necrotic lesion. this is accompanied with a foul odor (typically seen in advanced-stage disease). tissues - skin etiology - breast cancer, skin cancer, including melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma.

gangrenous

darkened and/or mummified tissue. sharpened demarcated, skin surface can be partially or entirely sloughed off. (death and decayed of body tissue, usually a limb). tissues - extremities etiology - diabetes, infection, injury

gaseous

A lesion or gross appearance that is full of, or contains, gas. Gas is identified in GIT where free air can be trapped easily. tissues - stomach, intestines, pleura, lungs etiology - inflammatory bowel disease, pneumothorax, celiac disease, malabsorption, trauma.

granulated

a surface or lining or a specimen with small grains or granules. this is a common and grossly unremarkable appearance for many specimens. in gross pathology, it is important to note this even if it is unremarkable. tissues - appendix, bowel, peritoneal surfaces, other abdominal organs etiology - appendicitis, bowel perforation, peritonitis.

gritty

composed of, or covered with, particles resembling grit in texture or consistency. calcifications may present in gritty specimens, which may make them difficult to cut. the tissue is firm. tissues - soft tissue, cartilage etiology - calciphylaxis, ductal carcinoma in situ, pilomatrixoma

hairy

specimens that contain hair or material of similar appearance. most skin specimens contain various amounts of hair and can be referred to as hair-bearing. tissues - skin, ovaries, spine, periorbital region etiology - dermoid cysts (cystic teratoma)

hemorrhagic

excessive aggregates of blood as a result of profuse bleeding. blood can accumulate anywhere, such as between tissue layers, on surfaces, or in lumens. tissues - any etiology - trauma, ulcerated lesions, varices

heterogeneous

tissue or specimens that consist of dissimilar elements or parts. tissues - any etiology - malignant tumors

homogeneous

tissue or specimens with an undifferentiated or uniform appearance. tissues - any etiology - lipoma, sarcoma, lymphoma

honeycomb

a lesion characterized by multiple similar or variably sized hexagonal (or similar) cystic spaces or structures. tissues - lung, soft tissue, bone etiology - widespread fibrosis, pneumonia (lung), cystic degeneration.

ill-defined

a lesion or area of interest that does not have a defined border. malignant lesions can present as this as they metastasize locally and infiltrate surrounding tissue tissues - any etiology - invasive ductal carcinoma, pulmonary nodules, hypoechoic nodule

incised

a clean cut, as with a surgical knife. some specimens received in path have been surgically removed because of traumatic incisions that have compromised the function of the organ. tissues - any etiology - trauma, iatrogenic defect

indrawn

an area of interest that has been pulled inward in comparison to surrounding tissue. usually due to pathologic process in the underlying tissue. tissues - skin, GIT etiology - inflammatory bowel disease

infarct

a dark-tan-to-black area of necrosis. can be localized or effect whole area. as a result of obstruction to local blood supply. tissues - any etiology - thrombus, embolism

infiltrated

a permeation of a suspected malignant process or substance into adjacent and surrounding tissues. mostly used to describe the extent of a malignant neoplasm and its gross invasion through tissue layers. tissues - any etiology - malignant tumors

intact

uncompromised surfaces or membranes. usually describes the appearance of specimens when received. tissues - any

intermixed

tissue that has broken down into small fragments, and been removed manually or through suction, with accompanying blood, soft tissue, or bone. tissues - bone, blood clots, mucous, soft tissue etiology - curettage, debridement

intracavitary

a lesion or area of interest that is located within an organ or body cavity. can also refer to the center of a lesion that is necrotic due to infection or cancer tissues - any etiology - infections, tumors

intraluminal

a lesion or process that occurs within the lumen of a specimen. tissues - any luminal structure including GIT, fallopian tube, vessels etiology - tumors, ectopic pregnancy

invasive

a disease or condition that has spread, especially a malignant cancer that has spread into healthy tissue. used to describe gross extent tissues - any etiology - malignant tumors

inverted

a lesion or specific gross appearance that has been reversed in position, direction, or order tissues - breast etiology - malignant tumors

irregular

specimens and lesions that do not have a definitive, classical appearance. tissues - any

ischemic

a lesion or area of interest that is dark-tan, deeply congested, and/or necrotic. inadequate blood supply tissues - GIT, legs, kidney, feet, heart etiology - coronary artery disease, stroke, angina, transient ischemic attack

laceration

a cut or wound that looks jagged. usually present in cases involving trauma. tissues - any etiology - trauma

lamellate (lamellar)

an organ, process, or structure with thin layers, plates, or scales. tissues - bone (haversian canals), placentae, teeth, soft tissues etiology - thrombi

linear

a line, or an appearance resembling a line. commonly associated with scarring from a previous surgery or underlying disease process. tissues - skin, GIT etiology - scarring from previous surgery, IBD

lobulated

multiple, rounded, often homogenous-appearing lobules. refers to fatty tissues. tissues - subcutaneous fat, breast etiology - lipoma, liposarcoma

loculated

multiple small cavities contained within a larger structure. tissues - lungs, ovaries etiology - empyema, pleural effusion, ovarian cysts

macronodular

a lesion or area characterized by large nodules (>5mm). reserved for larger skin or mucosal lesions. tissues - skin, mucosal lesion etiology - candidiasis, erythematous ____, rash

macule

a small, flat, colored spot. tissues - skin, mucosal surfaces etiology - freckles, rash

mammillated

a lesion or area that is studded with, or possesses, nipple-like projections or protuberances. (does not indicate benign or malignant) tissues- any, commonly in skin, bone, mucosal surfaces etiology - skin tags, exostosis

miliary

an area characterized by lesions resembling small seeds. tissues - skin, but can effect any organ etiology - ____ tuberculosis

mottled

tissue with spots or blotches of different shades or colors. results from cutaneous ischemia or changes in vascular supply. tissues - skin etiology - livedo reticularis, herpes zoster infections

mucinous

aggregates of mucous. tissues - breast, appendix, ovaries etiology - pseudomyxoma peritonei, ____ cyst adenoma, ____ cyst adenocarcinoma

multicystic

multiple saclike structures or cysts. tissues - ovaries, kidneys etiology - polycystic kidney disease, polycystic ovary

multifaceted

grossly appears as having many facets or aspects. tissues - gallbladder etiology - cholelithiasis

multifocal

a lesion, abnormality, area that has multiple points of origin. tissues - colon, breast, thyroid etiology - breast cancer, metastatic lesions.

multilobular

a lesion or area that contains many lobules. tissues - bone, soft tissues etiology - osteomas, and chondromas, sarcoma, lipomas

multiparous

a slit-like opening in the cervical os. tissues - cervix etiology - evidence of having birth

mummified

dark tan-to-black, necrotic, firm tissue. often compromised blood supply. tissues - extremities etiology - peripheral vascular disease, diabetes

necrotic

tan or dark-tan tissue that easily breaks apart (friable). refers to death of cells or tissues from injury or disease. tissues - any etiology - ischemia, trauma

nodular

grossly appears as a specimen or area having or resembling nodules. tissues - any etiology - dermatofibrosis, hyperplasia, thyroid hyperplasia.

nodule

a small (up to 1 cm) bump, node, swelling, or protuberance. tissues - any etiology - cutaneous ____, renal, rheumatoid

nonintact

a defect in a specimen that alters its natural appearance. specimen can be altered by a pathologic process or as a result of a surgical procedure. tissues - any etiology - trauma, perforations

nulliparous

a pinhole opening of the cervical os tissues - cervix etiology - women who have not given birth

obstructed

a luminal structure that has been blocked, or filled with obstacles or an obstacle. tissues - luminal structures like vessels, GIT, fallopian tube, biliary tree etiology - myocardial infarction, cholecystitis, ectopic pregnancy

oval

an overall specimen shape. (2 dimensional appearance). tissues - any

ovoid

specimens or lesions with an overall egg shape. (3 dimensional descriptions). tissues - ovaries, cysts etiology - conditions effecting ovaries, carcinomas, cyst adenomas

papillary

a lesion or area that resembles a papilla. may indicate a malignant or premalignant process tissues - ovary, thyroid etiology - borderline ovarian tumors

papillate

covered by papillae or nipple-like prominences. most commonly seen on tongue surfaces and can also be observed on other mucosal surfaces. tissues - tongue, other mucosal surfaces, skin etiology - papillary hyperplasia

papule

a small (>1cm), circumscribed, superficial, solid, elevated lesion. most of these are benign tissues - skin, mucous membranes etiology - pimples, syphilis, hyperplasic colon polyps

patent

an open or unobstructed luminal structure. luminal includes ducts, lumens, and vessels. tissues - ducts, lumens, vessels

Peau d'orange

in a breast cancer mastectomy specimen, a swollen, dimpled, and pitted skin surface resembling the surface of an orange. tissues - skin surface of breast mastectomy specimens etiology - breast carcinoma, inflammatory breast cancer

pedunculated polyp

a growth or mass with a thin stalk protruding from a mucous membrane. usually an overgrowth of normal tissue (can sometimes be true tumors). tissues - mucous membranes, skin, nose, ears, mouth, lungs, heart, stomach, intestines, urinary bladder, uterus, and cervix etiology - familial adenomatous polyposis, skin tags

perforated

a hole or break in the containing walls or membranes of a structure or organ. occurs when there is an erosion, infection, or other factors creating a weak area in an organ. tissues - any etiology - trauma, inflammation, malignant tumors

petechia

small (<3 mm) purplish spots on a body surface, skin or mucous membranes. tissues - skin, mucous membranes etiology - trauma, meningococcemia, leukemia, certain causes of thrombocytopenia

pigmented

darkened lesions on light-colored background tissue. used to described skin spots that are brown or black. lesions are usually moles (deposit of pigment). tissues - skin, mucosal membranes etiology - melanoma, melanocytic nevus

plaque

a flat, often raised, patch on the skin or any other organ. can come from abnormal mucous buildup or accumulation of fatty deposits. tissues - vessels, skin, oral cavity, pleural cavity etiology - atherosclerosis, pseudomembranous colitis, psoriasis, mesothelioma

protuding

tissue or an abnormality that is pushed or thrust outward. tissues - any etiology - endometrial cancer, rectal cancer

pseudocyst

an abnormal or dilated space or cavity resembling a cyst but not lined with epithelium. may contain gas or liquid. tissues - pancreas etiology - pseudocyst

pseudopolyp

a hypertrophied tab of mucous membrane resembling a polyp tissues - GIT etiology - IBD, bacterial dysentery, amebiasis (entamoeba histolytica)

puckered

a focal area that exhibits a wrinkle, crease, or irregular fold. often refers to a constriction or contraction of a surface due to an underlying disease process. tissues - any etiology - malignant lesions

pultaceous/sebaceous material

soft, macerated, and often nearly fluid material. describes the consistency of cystic contents that are soft and cheese-like. tissues - subcutaneous tissue, ovaries etiology - sebaceous cysts, dermatoid cysts, epidermal inclusion cysts.

purulent/suppurating

a lesion or area that forms pus. tissues - any tissue in any part of the body etiology - result of the body's defensive reaction to foreign material

pus

a generally viscous, yellow-white fluid in infected tissue. consists of WBC, cellular debris, necrotic tissue tissues - any etiology - abscesses, sores, infection

pushing

a lesion or area that appears to extend or push adjacent normal structures and may invade or infiltrate them. can be malignant or benign tissues - any etiology - malignant or benign neoplasms.

raised

a lesion or area that is elevated above normal surrounding tissue. most commonly associated with tumors, including localized swelling and edema. tissues - any etiology - tumors, edema, inflammation.

reniform

a specimen, lesion, or area that has the shape or profile of a kidney. tissues - kidney

roughened

a ragged, irregular, nonuniform area. these surfaces are tearing defects form pathologic processes, trauma, or difficulty in removing specimen during surgery. tissues - any etiology - trauma

ruptured

a tear or break in the continuity or configuration of tissue or an organ. often display tearing or disruption of membrane, or flattened tissue from being subjected to pressure. tissues - any etiology - appendicitis, ectopic pregnancy, trauma

scaled

a lesion or area with thin flakes or compacted platelike structures, as of cornified epithelial cells on the body surface. tissues - skin etiology - eczema, contact dermatitis, dry skin, actinic keratosis, psoriasis

segmental

an excised part of an organ, gland, or other body part. tissues - bowel, breast, thyroid, lung, liver etiology - malignant tumors, IBD

septate

a lesion or area that exhibits a separation or division by a septum or septa. usually applies to liver cysts, but can also apply to cysts in other parts of the body. tissues - uterus, liver, ovaries etiology - liver cysts, ovarian cysts

serosal

a serous membrane, especially one that lines the pericardial, pleural, and peritoneal cavities, enclosing their contents. tissues - pleura, pericardium, peritoneum, endocardium

serous fluid

clear, pale, yellow, watery, or thin liquid. often in cystic structures, but it can occur in any body cavity. tissues - ovaries etiology - serous carcinoma, serous cystadenoma

serpiginous

a lesion or area with wavy, snakelike border. tissues - skin etiology - ulcerating lesions

serrated

a notched or saw-like edge. often used to describe resection margins or the edges of a lesion tissues - any

sessile

roughened raised areas that have a broad base. mostly used to describe polyps in the GIT. tissues - GIT etiology - polyps

sloughed

an outer layer or covering that is shedding. usually refers to a layer or mass of dead tissue separated from surrounding living tissue. tissues - skin etiology - diabetes, trauma (wounds, sores, or inflammation), peripheral vascular disease

smooth

a surface with an even consistency, free from irregularities, roughness, or projections. usually indicates normal tissue tissues - any

solid-cystic

a lesion or area that contains both a solid and cystic component. if a cyst has a solid area, it may be a sign that the lesion is precancerous or cancerous. tissues - any etiology - malignant tumors

stellate

a lesion or area that is star shaped. exhibit multiple tapering points emanating from a central axis. often associated with malignant tumors. tissues - breast etiology - malignant tumors

stenotic/strictured

an abnormal narrowing or contraction of a body passage or opening. tissues - GIT, vessels, aorta etiology - crohn disease,

streaked

lines defined by a difference in color or texture from surrounding tissue. tissues - gallbladder etiology - cholesterolosis

striated

thin, regularly alternating lines, bands, stripes, or streaks. can occur naturally, like muscular bands, or can occur as part of a pathologic process. tissues - GIT, skin etiology - striae gravidarum, atrophic striae

submucosal

a lesion or gross area that lies beneath a mucous membrane. mucous membrane is a layer of CT beneath the tunica mucosa. tissues - bronchi, esophagus, small/large intestines, pharynx, stomach, bladder, uterus

subserosal

a lesion or area that lies beneath a serous membrane, such as that of the peritoneum or pericardium. tissues - bladder, esophagus, gallbladder, small/large intestine, liver, pleura, pericardium, peritoneum, stomach, testes, uterine tubes, uterus etiology - fibroids

symmetrical

an organ, lesion, or gross abnormality that is the same on either side of a central dividing line. tissues - any

thickened

tissue or structures that are thicker than normal, or than adjacent tissue or structure tissues - any etiology - inflammation, tumors

tortuous

a complexly twisted entity, convoluted and marked by repeated twists, bends, or turns tissues - veins, arteries etiology - hypertension, genetic defects, degenerative vascular diseases (diabetes), alterations in blood flow and pressure.

trabecular

a thick wall and hypertrophied muscle bundles. typically seen in chronic obstruction. tissues - gallbladder, bladder, ovaries etiology - cholecystitis, urinary tract obstruction

translucent

a substance, lesion, or structure that transmits light, but is not transparent. tissues - cysts, ovaries, gestational sacs, lung etiology - spontaneous abortion, molar pregnancy

transparent

a substance, lesion, or structure that can be seen through tissues - ovaries, cysts, gestational sacs, lung etiology - spontaneous abortion, molar pregnancy

ulcerated

a circumscribed, crater-like lesion. in ulcers, there is damage where the surface tissue is lost and/or necrotic. ulceration is a local defect, or excavation of surface. tissues - skin, mucous membranes, etiology - inflammatory, infections, malignant processes.

uniform

a distribution pattern in a lesion or area that is the same throughout (no distinguishable parts). can indicate a widespread, local metastatic process, or the extent of the disease in question tissues - any etiology - malignant tumors, inflammatory processes.

unilateral

a lesion or area that is confined within, or that affects, only 1 side of a bilobed or otherwise symmetrical structure. tissues - any etiology - ataxia

variably sized

any number of lesions or areas that vary in size tissues - ovaries, gallbladder, kidneys etiology - molar pregnancy, cholelithiasis

variegated

tissue or specimens with 2 or more colors, aspects, or features, often with a multifaceted appearance. tissues - soft tissues, ovary etiology - malignant or benign tumors

velvety

a lesion or area that is soft and carpet-like. due to presence of vast numbers of papillae or folds. tissues - mucosal membranes, tongue, oral cavity etiology - erythroplastic lesions

vermiform

worm-shaped, or resembling a worm, in form. the appendix of the cecum has a classic ___ appearance. tissues - appendix

verrucous

a lesion or area that resembles a wart or with wart-like elevations. these lesion indicate human papillomavirus infection or inflammatory skin conditions. tissues - skin etiology - HPV, verrucose dermatitis, pododermatitis.

vesicle

a small (<5 mm) circumscribed elevated bladder or sac. known as small blisters tissues - skin, serosal surfaces etiology - dermatitis, allergic reactions, chicken pox, herpes

well-healed

a lesion or area that has returned to normal or almost normal appearance. often used to describe areas of previous surgery as compared to areas of more recent surgery. tissues - skin etiology - previous surgery

whorled

a lesion or area with tissue that is curled or wound in concentric rings or spirals tissues - uterus etiology - leiomyoma, leiomyosarcoma

wrinkled

small furrows, ridges, or creases on a normally smooth surface. tissues - skin, hernia sacs, cysts etiology - tissue contraction, formalin fixation