What does Livy call Rome's earliest history?

Poet's stories

Which Roman historian probably organised the Foundation story?

Livy

Why was Aeneas probably added to the Foundation story?

The popularity of Greek art and culture saw him added

Who was Aeneas?

According to the epic Greek poem Iliad he was a survivor from the Trojan War

How did Aeneas aid the Foundation of Rome?

Romulus was one of his descendants.

What does archaeology suggest about Alba Longa?

There is no evidence it existed and is probably made up to link Aeneas to Romulus

Why were Romulus and Remus abandoned at birth?

They were a threat to Amulius who had stolen the throne from their grandfather Numitor.

How did Romulus end the tyranny of Amulius?

He inspired local shepherds to create an army and restore Numitor

What could the Bolsena mirror tell us about the story of Romulus and Remus?

It was an Etruscan story which the Romans borrowed

What does Livy's account about the death of Remus suggest?

There were many different versions of the Foundation of Rome

In what year did Romulus reputedly create Rome?

753 BCE

What is the main difference between Dionysius and Livy's account of Romulus?

Dionysius claimed Romulus created a complex Greek political system

How did Romulus provide safety and asylum?

He built a wooden wall and provided a grove for asylum seekers to live in.

What was the system of representation 'introduced' by Romulus?

Patron-Client

How many men did Romulus place in his first Senate?

100

Who did Romulus build a temple to after a battle?

Jupiter

How would most modern historians describe the Roman army of the 8th century?

Small bands of soldiers

Why did Romulus abduct the Sabine women?

There were no women in the city, and Romulus had failed to find wives for his leading men

How did the Sabine women end the conflict between Rome and the Sabines?

They walked into the battlefield and stopped the battle

What does Livy claim was built after peace was agreed between Romulus and the Sabines?

The Roman Forum

How long do the foundation stories say Numa reigned?

42 years

When Romulus died there was no king. Who ruled for a year?

The Senate

Who are we told Numa was married to?

A goddess named Egeria who told him how to govern Rome

Who are we told that Numa created a priesthood for?

Mars, Romulus and Quirinus (Romulus' spirit)

Where are we told did Numa place the hearth of the Vestal Virgins?

In the Roman Forum

Why is the temple of Janus significant?

It would open its doors when Rome was at war

Why did Alba Longa and Rome organise the battle of the triplets?

They feared the Etruscans, and the victor of any war between them would be too weak to fight them

What happened to the Albans when they failed to support Rome against the Etruscan cities?

Their leader Mettius was killed and their city was destroyed. But they were allowed to become Roman citizens

What legal initiative did Tullus Hostilius introduce?

The right of appeal

How, according to the stories, did Ancus extend Rome?

He built a port at Ostia and extended the city over the Tiber

Who does Livy claim to be the father of Tarquinius Priscus?

Demaratus

What animal does Livy tell us took Tarquinius Priscus' cap?

An eagle

How does Tarquinius Priscus gain influence according to Livy?

Largesse and money

What did Ancus' sons do to Priscus in 578BC?

They planned his murder

How does Livy describe the 100 men Priscus appointed as Senators?

Lesser men

What does Livy claim Priscus built with the spoils of war to entertain the people of Rome?

The Circus Maximus

What does archaeology suggest rapidly expanded during the time Priscus was reputedly king?

The Roman Forum

What does Livy suggest Priscus began to build?

The Cloaca Maximus (Great Sewer)

Who does Livy tell us prevented Priscus from expanding his army?

An augur (priest)

What does Livy suggest Priscus created to expand his army?

A cavalry unit

Who does Livy think Servius Tullius was?

The son of an important general

How did Servius Tullius become king?

Tarquinius Priscus' wife helped him become king after her husband's murder

According to Livy, what does the census change?

Army service was decided by wealth

Accroding to Livy, how did the census change voting?

Voting took place according to wealth

How does Livy suggest Servius Tullius extended Rome?

Added two new areas to the city

What does Livy suggest Servius Tullius was going to do before his death?

Abdicate and give power to the Senate

Who were the equites?

Men who fought in the cavalry

What was important about the temple of Diana?

It helped unite Rome and Latin cities

When does archaeology suggest the 'Servian Wall' was built?

In the Roman Republic

What role did Servius Tullius' daughter play in his death?

She ran him over in her chariot

What is a tyrant?

An all powerful king

How does Livy suggest Tarquinius Superbus kept power?

By keeping a bodyguard

Why does Livy suggest Tarquinius Superbus bans religious ceremonies?

Prevented large groups of men meeting to plot against him

What excuse does Livy tell us Tarquinius Superbus used to explain why Servius was not buried?

Servius was given the same honour as Romulus - who was not buried

What does Livy tell us became of the plebeians in Superbus' reign?

They were turned into labourers

How does Livy suggest Tarquinius Superbus abused the law?

He falsely accused people of capital crimes which were tried by him alone

What does Livy tell us Tarquinius Superbus built?

The Circus Maximus, Cloaca Maxima and temples

Which city did his son Sextus overthrow from within?

Gabii

What do excavations at Sant' Omobono suggest?

That the period when Tarquinius was supposed to be king was a period of rapid expansion

Who does Livy suggest Tarquinius Superbus started a 200 year long war with?

Volsci

Who were the plebeians?

Men whose birth denied them access to the political system

What was a magistrate?

Someone who was elected into a political position

What event triggered the collapse of Tarquinius Superbus' reign?

A drinking game

Why did Sextus rape Lucretia?

He was attracted by her loyalty and wanted to destroy her

How does Lucius Junius Brutus use Lucretia's death according to Livy?

He inspires the people of Rome to prevent Tarquinius Superbus entering Rome

What role did Lucius Junius Brutus possess which allowed him to overthrow the kings

He was the tribune of the celeres

What was the main change between the government of the kings and the Republic?

The king was replaced by two consuls

What was the Tarquin conspiracy?

Tarquinius Superbus' supporters in Rome planned to murder Brutus

What did the consuls control?

They only controlled the army, but had lots of influence

Why were there two consuls?

To prevent one consul becoming too powerful and acting like a king

Why did Collinatus step down as consul accordng to Livy?

He was a member of the Tarquin family

Who helped Tarquinius Superbus in the Battle of Silvia Arsia?

Veii

How was Tarquinius Superbus' son Arruns able to attack Brutus at Silvia Arsia?

He could see Brutus' surrounded by his lictors

Who helped the Romans survive the death of Brutus at Silvia Arsia?

Valerius Publicola

Who was Lars Porsena?

The king of Clusium

How did Horatius Cocles help protect Rome from defeat?

He defended the bridge over the Tiber which saved Rome

How did Gaius Mucius convince Lars Porsena to abandon his invasion of Rome?

He convinced Lars Porsena that there were 300 trained assassins in the Senate ready to kill him

What did Cloelia do to win the respect of Lars Porsena?

She escaped captivity and led vulnerable slaves to safety by swimming the Tiber

How old was Tarquinius Superbus reputed to be at Lake Regilus?

About 95

Why was victory at Lake Regilus significant for Rome?

Rome rejoined the Latin League which prevented the Tarquin family from attacking Rome

How does Livy suggest the Wars of Independence caused tension between the plebeians and patricians?

Returning soldiers faced bankruptcy because of a debt crisis

Which brothers do modern historians think the story of the First and Second Secession is based upon?

Grachii

How does Livy suggest a war veteran began the First Secession?

He told a story about how he was whipped and tortured on returning from war which shocked Rome

How did Publius Servilius, according to Livy, prevent a riot?

He convinced the plebeians to fight for him against the Volcii in return for debt relief

Why was Valerius appointed Dictator?

To assemble another army against the Volcii, and to appease the plebeians

Why did Sicinius lead the plebeians to the Sacred Mount?

The Senate had refused to listen to Valerius, so Sicinius decided to hold Rome to ransom by taking its workers away

What was the impact of the First Secession to the Sacred Mount?

Rome had no workers or soldiers which made it vulnerable to attack and famine

What convinced the plebeians to end the First Secession?

Plebeians were given access to the political system as plebeian tribunes

Why was Coriolanus indicted by the plebeian tribunes?

He had argued that the plebeians deserved to starve to death because they had started the First Secession

What did Volero Publilius achieve?

He changed the system for voting plebeian tribunes so that patricians could not influence the vote

What, according to Livy, did Gaius Terentilius achieve?

He convinced the plebeians to demand political reform instead of land reform

Why was the First Decemvirate created?

To introduce a legal framework in Rome

How were the first 10 tables received?

They were welcomed, but it was felt they did not go far enough

How did Claudius Crassus create a tyranny with the second Decemvirate?

He pretended to be a friend to the plebeians and was elected

What did Valerius and Horatius call the second Decemvirate?

Kings

How did the abduction of Virginia cause the Second Secession?

It appalled the Roman people and convinced the plebeians to support a

What did Verginius convince the soldiers at Algidus to do?

To join him in a secession so that Rome could be free from Claudius Crassus' tyranny

How did Valerius and Horatius end the Second Secession?

They arranged a compromise. Crassus would end the Decemvirate in exchange for his life

What were the Valerio-Horatian Laws?

They restored the plebeian tribune and restored the right of appeal

What was a military tribune?

A commander in the army which could be either patrician or plebeian