What is Olfactory nerve I responsible for?

sense of smell (it's most rostral)

Most cranial nerves come from where?

the brainstem

What controls accommodation?

the ciliary body

Purpose of oculomoter (III)

controls smooth muscle and skeletal muscle in dorsal + medial rectus muscle

Purpose of abducent (VI)

controls lateral rectus

Purpose of trochlear (IV)

controls dorsal skeletal muscle -> rotates eye inward

What's the Menace Reflex?

rapid blinking of eye when animal is approached by an object

What's the Corneal Reflex?

touching the cornea causes rapid blinking of the eyelid

What's the Palpebral Reflex?

touching the eyelid causes rapid blinking of the eyelid

What's the Pupillary light reflex (PLR)?

decreases diameter of the pupil in response to an increase in light intensity = contracts smooth muscle + iris

What's the Cutaneous Trunci Reflex?

involves spinal nerves that cause the skin to twitch + used to detect spinal injuries

Vestibulocochlear (VIII)

cranial nerve involved in maintaining animal balance and hearing

Glossopharyngeal (IX), Vagus (X), and Hypoglossal (XII):

these cranial nerves provide motor movement/control of the tongue, pharynx, larynx, and allows swallowing.

Olfactory (I):

functions in smell and can be hard to evaluate

Trigeminal (V):

muscle contraction within jaw tone, allows animal to chew and that the ears are held in a normal position

Oculomotor (III):

controls several extraocular muscles

abducent (VI):

controls lateral rectus extraocular muscle (lateral side of eye)

Trochlear (IV):

controls dorsal oblique extraocular muscle (top to lateral side controlling rotation of the eye)

FAMACHA scoring

diagnostic method to evaluate level of anemia (lack of red blood cells = look at color of lower eyelid

Diencephalon

group of medial brain regions that control behavior and the endocrine system

Thalamus

relay center where sensory information is sent between the cerebrum, brain stem, cerebellum and spinal cord.

Epithalamus (pineal gland)

gland that releases the hormone melatonin and controls circadian (daily) or diurnal (light) biological rhythms

Hypothalamus

contains many nuclei w/ specialized functions that control autonomic activity behavior and pituitary gland function

Hypophysis (pituitary gland)

produces neuroendocrine and endocrine hormones that regulate animal homeostasis and reproduction

What cranial nerves arise from the Midbrain?

Oculomotor (III) Trochlear (IV)

What cranial nerve arises from the Pons? What does it provide?

Trigeminal (V) nerve - providing sensory from many regions of the head and controls muscles important for mastication (chewing)

Choroid plexus

network of blood capillaries that protrude into each ventricle

What are the 3 layers of connective tissue (Meninges) from closest to brain to furthest from immediate brain /spinal cord?

1. Pia mater - closest to brain/spinal cord 2. Arachnoid mater 3. Dura mater

What's the blood brain barrier?

capillaries in the brain contain tight junctions and glial cells that act on barriers (controls transport of molecules from blood to the brain neural tissue)

Function of the Frontal lobe:

cognitive function (emotion, memory, behavior)

Function of Parietal lobe:

animal somatosensory (bodily sensation)

Function of occipital lobe:

visual processing

Function of Temporal lobe:

gustatory, auditory, and language processing

What is the EEG used for?

to measure electroconductivity (action potentials) within the cerebral cortex

What are the 4 major parts of the Diencephalon?

1. Thalamus 2. Epithalamus (pineal gland) 3. Hypothalamus 4. Hypophysis (pituitary gland)

function of the Thalamus:

relay center between major parts of the brain

function of Epithalamus (pineal gland):

releases the hormone melatonin

function of Hypothalamus:

controls autonomic activity + pituitary gland function

function of the pituitary gland:

produces endocrine/neuroendocrine hormones that maintain homeostasis and reproduction

function of the midbrain:

controls some eye movement & is involved in visual processing

what cranial nerve(s) works in the midbrain?

Oculomoter (III) and Trochlear (IV)

function of the Pons:

provides bridge between cerebrum and carabellum - controls muscles for chewing

what cranial nerve(s) works in the Pons?

Trigeminal (V)

function of the medulla:

autonomic control center for lungs, heart, blood vessels, and digestive tract

what cranial nerve(s) works in the medulla?

Vagus (X)

Erythrocytes

red blood cells (RBC)

Leukocytes

white blood cells (WBC)

Platelets

cell material

What are some components of blood plasma?

1. Water 2. Hormones 3. Non-hormone proteins 4. Ions 5. Gases 6. Lipoproteins 7. Nutrients

How are RBC in birds different than in mammals?

they are larger and contain nuclei (also not concave shape)

Greater oxygen/metabolic demand =

greater amount of RBCs

What does erythropoietin do and where does it come from?

- it increases oxygen levels by producing new RBCs in bone marrow - it comes from the kidney

What is a PMN?

Polymorphonuclear - 1st responders to infection (an increase suggests disease)

What's step 1 of hemostasis?

Vasoconstriction; constriction of the damaged blood vessel

What's step 2 of hemostasis?

formation of a platelet plug; platelets stick to exposed collagen proteins in extracellular and become activated, releasing molecules that cause platelets to become sticky, where they then stick together

What's step 3 of hemostasis?

Blood coagulation; transformation of blood from liquid to a solid gel (includes activating blood clotting factors which inactivate the blood vessel if it's damaged)

define intrinsic blood coagulation cascade:

activation of the 1st factor triggers the clotting of the cascade inside the vessel (activates factor X)

define extrinsic blood coagulation cascade:

clotting cascade initiated inside and outside of the vessel (activates factor X)