Recall
Retrieving information not currently in conscious awareness
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Recall | Retrieving information not currently in conscious awareness |
| Recognition | Identifying items previously learned (like multiple choice) |
| Relearning | Learning something more quickly when encountered again |
| Encoding | Getting information into memory |
| Storage | Retaining encoded information over time |
| Retrieval | Getting information back out of memory storage |
| Parallel processing | The brain’s ability to handle many aspects of a problem at once |
| Sensory memory | Very brief recording of sensory information (a few seconds or less) |
| Short-term memory | Activated memory holding a few items briefly before storage or forgetting |
| Long-term memory | Relatively permanent |
| Working memory | Active processing of incoming info plus retrieved long-term info |
| Explicit memory | Memory of facts and experiences we consciously know and declare |
| Effortful processing | Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort |
| Automatic processing | Unconscious encoding of incidental info and well-learned skills |
| Implicit memory | Retention of learned skills or conditioned associations without conscious awareness |
| Iconic memory | A very brief sensory memory of visual stimuli (tenths of a second) |
| Echoic memory | A brief sensory memory of auditory stimuli (3–4 seconds) |
| Chunking | Organizing items into familiar |
| Mnemonics | Memory aids |
| Spacing effect | Better long-term retention when study is spaced over time |
| Testing effect | Enhanced memory after retrieving information |
| Shallow processing | Encoding on a basic level |
| Deep processing | Encoding semantically |
| Semantic memory | Explicit memory of facts and general knowledge |
| Episodic memory | Explicit memory of personally experienced events |
| Hippocampus | Brain structure that helps process explicit memories for storage |
| Memory consolidation | Neural storage of a long-term memory |
| Flashbulb memory | A clear memory of an emotionally significant event |
| Long-term potentiation (LTP) | Increase in synapse firing potential after brief |
| Priming | Activation of associations in memory |
| Encoding specificity principle | Idea that cues specific to an event/person help with recall |
| Mood-congruent memory | Tendency to recall experiences consistent with one’s current mood |
| Serial position effect | Tendency to recall best the first and last items in a list |
| Anterograde amnesia | Inability to form new memories |
| Retrograde amnesia | Inability to retrieve past memories |
| Proactive interference | When old information disrupts recall of new information |
| Retroactive interference | When new learning disrupts recall of old information |
| Repression | Banishing painful or unacceptable memories into the unconscious (Freud’s theory) |
| Reconsolidation | When memories are retrieved |
| Misinformation effect | When misleading information corrupts one’s memory of an event |
| Source amnesia | Attributing an event to the wrong source (forgetting where/when info was learned) |