What is ATP?

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the source of energy for use and storage at the cellular level.

Use the analogy of a rechargeable battery to explain the role of ADP and ATP in cellular life.

When it's fully charged, it's ATP. When it's run down, it's ADP. However, the battery doesn't get thrown away when it's run down-it just gets charged up again.

Identify the differences between endothermic and exothermic reactions.

Endothermic absorbs, Exothermic releases

difference between aerobic and anaerobic cell respiration

In photosynthesis, carbon dioxide and water combine to form glucose and oxygen using energy from sunlight. In aerobic respiration, glucose in the presence of oxygen is broken down into carbon dioxide and water.

What is the purpose of aerobic cellular respiration? Anaerobic cell respiration?

Aerobic: takes place in the presence of oxygen gas to produce energy from food Anaerobic: generates energy in the absence of oxygen

Explain how breathing and cellular respiration are related.

In Breathing, CO2 & O2 are exchanged between your lungs and the air. In Cellular Respiration cells use the O2 obtained through the breathing to breakdown fuel, releasing CO2 as a waste product.

Where do the following reactions occur: glycolysis, aerobic cell respiration, fermentation (anaerobic), lactic acid production (anaerobic)

Glycolysis: Cytoplasm (cytosol) of the cell Aerobic Cell Respiration: Takes place in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells. Fermentation (Anaerobic): Cytoplasm (cytosol) of the cell. Lactic Acid Production (Anaerobic): Cytoplasm (cytosol) of the cell.

Provide the overall balanced chemical equation for aerobic cellular respiration.

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O (glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water)

What is the difference between alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation?

Lactic acid fermentation produces lactic acid, while alcoholic fermentation produces ethanol and carbon dioxide.

How does the addition of oxygen alter the carbon dioxide output of a cell? How does it alter the energy outcome of cell respiration?

More carbon dioxide is generated during aerobic respiration compared to anaerobic processes. Aerobic respiration yields significantly more ATP compared to anaerobic processes like fermentation.

Compare the advantages and disadvantages of aerobic cellular respiration with the advantages and disadvantages of fermentation as methods of making ATP for cellular activities. (this is a similar concept to the previous question but is more similar to a test type question)

Aerobic Cellular Respiration: Advantages: High ATP production, allows for complete oxidation of glucose to carbon dioxide and water, Efficient Energy Production Disadvantages: Oxygen Dependency Fermentation: Advantages: Can perform with no oxygen (anaerobic), faster ATP production Disadvantages: Low ATP production, only partially breakdown glucose, by-products that could be harmful (lactic acid or ethanol)

What is the purpose of photosynthesis?

Convert radiant energy from the sun into chemical energy that can be used for food. It also produces oxygen into the world.

How do plants take in CO2?

Stomata/stoma - small opening in the epidermis of a plant that allows carbon dioxide, water, and oxygen to come in and out of the leaf. Guard cells - specialized cells in the epidermis of plants that controls the opening and closing of each Stomata/stoma

Describe the structure of chloroplasts and their location in a leaf.

Structure: Outer membrane, Inner Membrane, Thylakoid Membrane System, Grana, Thylakoid Lumen, Stroma Location: Chloroplasts are primarily found in the cells of the mesophyll, which is the middle layer of cells in a leaf

Identify specifically (which cells) where most light energy is converted to chemical energy

These reactions occur in the thylakoid membrane and involve the conversion of light energy into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH.

What is the balanced equation for photosynthesis?

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

What are the reactants and products of each of the 2 stages of photosynthesis? (light dependent and Calvin cycle) Where in the cell do these stages occur?

Light-Dependent Reactions: Reactants: Light energy, Water (H₂O) Products: Oxygen (O₂), ATP (adenosine triphosphate), NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) Location: Thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts. Calvin Cycle (Light-Independent Reactions): Reactants: Carbon dioxide (CO₂), ATP, NADPH Products: Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) and other carbohydrates Location: Stroma of the chloroplasts.

Why do plants produce glucose?

Glucose is used by plants for energy and to make other substances like cellulose and starch. Cellulose is used in building cell walls. Starch is stored in seeds and other plant parts as a food source.

What do plants do with excess glucose (glucose they do not immediately use in cell respiration)?

Plants store extra glucose as starch. That can be used by the plant, or by animals that eat the plant.

What do you think the effect of light versus dark will be on the net rate of photosynthesis?

As light intensity increases, the rate of photosynthesis will increase as long as other factors are in adequate supply.

How do you think varying the intensity of light (i.e. distance from the light source) would affect the net rate of photosynthesis?

As you rise from low light intensity to higher light intensity, the rate of photosynthesis will increase because there is more light available to drive the reactions of photosynthesis.

How might the temperature of the environment affect the rate of photosynthesis?

The rate of photosynthesis increases as the temperature rises.

How do photosynthesis and cellular respiration form a cycle of energy storage and use?

Photosynthesis makes the glucose that is used in cellular respiration to make ATP. The glucose is then turned back into carbon dioxide, which is used in photosynthesis. While water is broken down to form oxygen during photosynthesis, in cellular respiration oxygen is combined with hydrogen to form water.

Explain why it is accurate to say that life on Earth is solar-powered.

Almost all life on Earth relies on solar energy for food, either directly or indirectly. Producers, also called autotrophs, include plants, algae, bacteria, and fungi. Which are past on when eaten by animals.

A scientist radioactively labeled (tagged!) the oxygen in the reactants of photosynthesis separately-both CO2 and H2O. What product(s) would you expect to contain the tagged oxygen that was originally found in the water molecule (H2O)? What product(s) would you expect to contain the tagged oxygen originally found in carbon dioxide (CO2)?

Oxygen from Water (H2O): The oxygen atoms from water molecules will end up in the oxygen gas (O2) released during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. The oxygen gas released is a byproduct of the splitting of water molecules, and it contains the oxygen atoms originally from water. Oxygen from Carbon Dioxide (CO2): The oxygen atoms derived from carbon dioxide will be incorporated into the glucose (C6H12O6) produced during the Calvin cycle (light-independent reactions of photosynthesis). Specifically, the oxygen atoms in the glucose molecules come from the oxygen in carbon dioxide.

A scientist radioactively labeled (tagged) the oxygen in the reactants of cellular respiration separately. What product(s) would you expect to contain the tagged oxygen originally found in glucose? What product(s) would you expect to contain the tagged oxygen originally found in O2?

Oxygen from Glucose (C6H12O6): The oxygen atoms originally present in glucose will end up in the carbon dioxide (CO2) produced during cellular respiration. This is because glucose is oxidized, and the carbon atoms are released as carbon dioxide, and the oxygen atoms from glucose become part of the carbon dioxide molecules. Oxygen from Molecular Oxygen (O2): The molecular oxygen (O2) that is used during cellular respiration does not directly contribute oxygen atoms to the carbon dioxide produced. Instead, the oxygen atoms from O2 are generally incorporated into water (H2O) molecules during the process of oxidative phosphorylation, specifically in the electron transport chain.

Trace the path of a carbon atom in a carbon dioxide molecule from the time it enters the stomata of a leaf to the time it is exhaled from the nostrils of a rabbit. Be sure to discuss the following: - all the major chemical transformations it undergoes - all the cells and cellular organelles it encounters - all the major organs (that we talked about) and structures it passes through in the plant and animal

(in order) 1. Entry through Stomata in a Leaf 2. Photosynthesis in Mesophyll Cells (Chloroplasts) 3. Transport through Phloem (roots, stems, and other tissues) 4. Cellular Respiration in Plant Cells (glucose is oxidized, and carbon dioxide is produced as a byproduct) 5. Consumption by Rabbit (glucose and other organic compounds which contain Carbon atoms) 6. Digestion and Absorption in the Rabbit (plant material is broken down, and glucose is released) 7. Circulation to Body Cells (transported through the bloodstream) 8. Cellular Respiration in Rabbit Cells (producing carbon dioxide as a byproduct) 9. Transport of Carbon Dioxide in Blood (transports through and eventually gets exhaled by the rabbit)