posterior

toward the back of the body

anterior

toward the front of the body

inferior

toward the feet, lower half of body

superior

toward the head or upper part of the body

skeletal system

provide support and protection, allows movement w/muscles and produces blood cells

integumentary system

protects the body, temp, provides sensation, prevents water loss and helps produce vitamin D

musclar system

produces movement and maintains posture

nervous system

detects stimuli, controls body activity

endocrine system

produces hormones that regulate growht, mtabolism, and reproduction

cardiovascular system

heart and blood vessels transport oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waster

lymphatic(immune) system

helps defend against disease and infection

respiratory system

brings oxygen into the body and removes carbon dioxide

digestive system

breaks down food and absorbs nutrients and water

urinary system

removes waste from the blood and regulated water and electrolytes

reproductive system

produces sex cells and hormones and allows reproduction

homeostasis?

the body's ability to maintain a relatively stable internal temperature.

anatomical

standing straight up, feet forward, arm at side, palms facing forward

ventral

toward the front of the body

medial

toward the midline of the body

lateral

away from the midline of the body

proximal

closer to the point of attachment or origin of the body part

distal

farther from the point of attachment or origin

superfacial

toward the surface of the body

traverse

top/bottom

frontol

front/back

sagittal

left/right

cranial cavity

brain

abdominal cavity

appendix, small/large intense, spleen, stomach, pancreas, liver, kidney

vertebral/spinal cavity

spinal cord

thoracic cavity

lung and heart

pelvic cavity

testies, uterus, ovary urary, bladder

pH of stomach

1-1.5

pH of blood

7.35-7.45

normal body temperature

37 degrees C

kidney function

filters blood and removes waste

lung function

exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide

heart function

pumps blood through body

pH of water

7

mitochondria makes?

ATP

the diaphragm separates what two cavities

thoracic and abdominal

the nucleus contains

DNA

what does the nucleolus do

produces rRNA

what does ER do

makes and transports proteins

what does the golgi apparatus do

modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids

lysosomes?

break down cellular waste and damaged cell parts

plasma membrane is made up of

phospholipid bilayer with proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates

hypotonic solution

lower solute concentration

isotonic solutions

same solute concentration

hypertonic solution

higher solute concentration

solution

mixture of solution and solvent

solvent

larger substance

solute

smaller substance ex. salt

passive transport

movement across membrane, doesnt require ATP

active transport

movement that requires cellular energy ATP.

role of ATP

provides usable energy for many cellular processes

osmosis is

water moves towards higher concentration it is passive and it doesnt require ATP

diffusion?

moving particles from an area of higher concentration to lower (no atp)

filtration?

movement of water and small solutes across a membrane due to pressure

nervous tissue

communicates through electrical signals, ex. brain

muscle tissue

contracts to produce movement ex. cardio

connective tissue

supports body structure ex. bone, blood, cartilage

epithelial tissue

covers body surface ex. skin

cell shape depends on the

job it performs

cilia?

short, numerous hairlike structures that move substances across the cell surface

cilia found?

in respiratory tract

flagellum?

a long, whip=like structure used for cell movement

what human cell has flagellum

sperm cell

RNA

ribonucleic acid, consists of 1 polynucleotide chain

DNA

deoxyribonuceic acid, consists of 2 polynucleotide chains

unsaturated fats

have room to add to

each monosaccharide consists of

6 carbon atoms

diameter of an atom

ten billionth of a meter

saturated means

all the carbon is filled with hydrogen

# of protons that an atom has in its nucleus

atomic number

glucose=

C6H12O6

electron shells are more stable when?

they are full

chemical bonds form when

atoms share or transfer valence electrons

atoms with 8 electrons are

stable and will not bond with other atoms

energy directly involved in moving matter

mechanical energy

what is a phospholipid

a major component of the cell membrane of all living things

the attractive force btw water molecules is

dipole interactions

what is a polymer

repeating unit of smaller compounds called monomers

what is a organic compound

a compound made from carbon atoms

each nucleotide consists of

sugar molecules, nitrogenous bases, and phosphate group

biochemical compounds make up

the cells and other structures of organism and carry out life processes

what r ionic bonds

weak bonds, no sharing electrons, attract opposite ions

carbohydrates include?

startches and sugar, they provide energy

in the case of carbohydrates the small repeating unit is called

monosacchardies

2 types of fatty acids?

saturated and unsaturated fats

lipid molecules consist mainly of repeating units called

fatty acids

results from movement of charged particles

electrical energy

phosphate group is a

small negatively charged molecule

monomers are joined together through

dehydration synthesis

endocytosis is

moving in

exocytosis

moving out

phagocytosis means

cell eating

pinocytosis means

fluid

what type of tissue is hyaline cartilage

connective tissue

epidermis

outermost layer of the skin (avascular)

dermis

deeper layer of skin containing blood vessels (vascular)

hypodermis

contains adipose and connective tissue

Meissner's corpuscle detect?

light touch

Pacinian corpuscles detect

deep pressure and vibration

merkel disc detect

light touch and sustained pressure

Ruffini endings detect

skin stretch and sustained pressure

avascular skin?

no blood vessels

vascular skin

containing blood vessels

rRNA

ribosomal RNA, make up part of the ribosomes

tRNA

transfer RNA, brings amino acids to the ribosomes

mRNA

messenger RNA, carries intructions from DNA to ribosomes

what plays a big role in metabolism as energy sources ad transporters od dietary fat in the human bloodstream

triglycerides

an atom with 5-7 electrons can do what

accept electrons

the bicarbonate buffer found in our bloodstream prevents the

pH changes

the travel in waves, energy of the elctromagnetic spectrum

radiant energy

an atom with 1-3 electrons can do what

lose electrons

atoms with less than 8 electrons can?

form chemcial bonds with other atoms that are unfilled

stored in chemical bonds of substances

chemical energy

smallest particle of most compounds in living things

molecule

total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom is called

mass number

composed of many subatomic particles which are protons neutrons and electrons

atom