Energy

is the capability to do work.

Solar energy

energy from the sun; source of energy for all life

Chemical energy

energy found in bonds of chemical compounds.

Mechanical energy

energy of motion (kinetic energy) or position of object before it moves (potential energy).

Theories

are based on facts established through the scientific method and/or repeated experimentation and review.

Laws

describe repeatedly observed, natural phenomenon

First Law of Thermodynamics

energy can be converted between forms.

Second Law of Thermodynamics

conversion of energy from one form to another results in a loss of energy as heat.

Entropy

is the loss of organization.

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP

nucleic acid used for energy in cells. Couples energy- releasing reactions with energy- requiring reactions. Energy is in the bonds between phosphate molecules.

organic nutrient

is a molecule containing both carbon and hydrogen atoms

hydrocarbons.

Organic molecules contain chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms commonly called

Functional groups

are attached to hydrocarbon chains to provide chemical reactivity to organic molecules

polymers

Nutrients are long chains of smaller molecules. The long chains are called

monomers.

the smaller components that build them are called

dehydration synthesis reactions

Monomers are joined together into polymers throug

hydrolysis reactions

Polymers are broken down into monomers through

Energy nutrients

all have potential energy stored in their bonds

Carbohydrates:

Are hydrophilic, easily moved within bodies and cells. Are quickly accessed as an energy source (preferred energy source). Can form long polymers that are easily broken down by digestive enzymes (hydrolysis reactions).Are formed through dehydration synthesis reactions.

Starch

is a polysaccharide used for long-term energy-storage in plants

Glycogen

is a polysaccharide used for short- term energy-storage in animals.

Fiber or Cellulose

is a polysaccharide used for the structural components of leaves, stems, and roots within plants.

Lipids

Are used for long-term energy storage. Are hydrophobic. Include triglycerides (fats) and oils.

Triglycerides

are composed of a glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acids. They are hydrophobic.

Fatty acids

Saturated - carbons are bound to two carbons and two hydrogens and form long straight chains

Fatty acids

Unsaturated – includes one or more double bonds between carbons and form bent chains

Cholesterol

is a steroid consisting of four hydrocarbon rings. They are hydrophobic. Incorporated into cell membranes to control stability Used to create many steroid hormones including estrogens, testosterone, and cortisol.

Phospholipids

are lipids that are a major component of cell membranes. They are amphipathic-they have both a hydrophilic end and a hydrophobic end.

Hydrophilic Head

A negatively-charged phosphate group causes the head of a phospholipid to be polar and hydrophilic. This part will face water

Hydrophobic Tail:

Hydrocarbon tails are non-polar and hydrophobic. This part will avoid water.

Proteins

are composed of amino acids.

Amino acids

consist of a central carbon linked to an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a variable R group. There are 20 amino acid types Proteins

Peptide bonds

link amino acids together to form polypeptides. They are strong, so take more time to digest and are slower to release energy.

Primary structure

linear sequence of amino acids

Secondary structure

amino acids interact with each other to produce alpha-helices and beta- pleated sheets

Tertiary structure

3D molecules are made, protein is functional at this level of

Quaternary structure

different polypeptides interact with each other forming more complex molecules