| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
Genes code for ____________ cell products. | specific |
RNA and protein function leads to _________ . | traits |
A _________ arranges chromosomes by type. | karyotype |
What are alleles? | Versions of traits indicated with letters. |
What is homozygous? | Two of the SAME alleles. |
What is heterozygous? | Two DIFFERENT alleles. |
What is dominant? | Capital letters (always takes over). |
What is recessive? | Lowercase letters (only expressed sometimes; homozygous recessive). |
What is a genotype? | An allele combination (FF,Ff,ff). |
What is a phenotype? | Appearance (freckles, no freckles). |
What does Di mean? | 2 |
Independent assortment _______ alleles. | scrambles |
What does a dihybrid cross do? | It predicts the results of two double heterozygotes (square squared) (Aa x Bb). |
What does a pedigree do? | It is used to track inheritance. |
DOMINANT illnesses always come from ____________ patients. | affected |
What does complete dominance mean? | The dominant allele always gives the dominant phenotype. (normal) |
What is CF (Cystic Fibrosis)? | The protein doesn't work, only one working gene needed. |
CF is autosomal ________, parents may be unaffected carriers. | recessive |
What is Huntington's disease? | The mutant protein "attacks" the cell. |
Huntington's disease is autosomal _____, at least one parent is affected | dominant |
What is incomplete dominance? | It results in a unique HETEROZYGOUS phenotype. |
Sickle cell anemia _________ red blood cell shape. | changes |
Sickle Cell Anemia _________ is affected (Hb^sHb^s) causes severe health issues. | homozygous |
If Sickle Cell Anemia is _____________ affected (Hb^A Hb^S), no sickle cell (malaria resistance). | heterozygote |
_________________ traits show BOTH phenotypes. | Codominant |
What are polygenetic traits? | Traits that are influenced by many genes. |
Sex-linked traits are on the ____ or ___ chromosome. | 1. X, 2. Y |
Males CANNOT be carriers for what type of traits? | X-linked. (ex. colorblindness = x-linked recessive) |
Females CANNOT be carrier for what type of traits? | Y-linked. |
Sex-influenced traits result from ____________ ____________. | hormone interactions |
DNA is composed of sugar, phosphate, and four __________ ___________(A,T,G,C). | nitrogen bases |
During transcription, DNA is made into a molecule of __________. | mRNA |
mRNA will travel to the _________ in the cytoplasm. | ribosome |
There are three bases called a __________. | codon |
The codon will determine what _________ acid is added to the chain. | amino |
Changes in the DNA code are called? | mutations (can be neutral, good, or bad). z |
DNA must _______ before cells divide. | replicate |
Copies need to be _______________ . | identical |
For RNA, A pairs with? | T |
For RNA, C pairs with? | G |
For mRNA, A pairs with? | U |
For mRNA, C pairs with? | Still G. |
DNA replication is semi-_____________. | conservative |
Each daughter molecule is _______ _________, and half old. | half new |
Replication occurs in ___________ and it is catalyzed by DNA polymerase. | Nucleus |
DNA is ________ gene at a time. | one |
Proteins are made ___________ the nucleus. | outside |
The DNA sequence is transcribed to _________. (Catalyzed by RNA polymerase enzyme) | RNA |
_________ __________ is used to build mRNA. | Template strand |
What is epigenetics? | Changes in gene activity. |
What does the m in mRNA stand for? | Messenger transcript. |
Point mutation= only _____ base is affected. | ONE |
Silent mutation= Doesn't ______ amino acid. | change |
Frameshift mutation= __________ or __________. | 1. insertions, 2. deletions |
Nonsense mutation= Stop codon is _______. | early |
____________ tags can BLOCK transcription. | Molecular |
Mutations can be inherited in __________ cells. | germ |
Carl Linnaeus helped develop the field of ___________ . | taxonomy |
What is the field of taxonomy? | Naming organisms and classifying them into different groups based upon how they're related. |
Endosymbiotic theory? | How eukaryotic cells were founded/formed. Fossil evidence shows that FIRST cells were PROKARYOTIC CELLS. |
What were the first types of cells, supported by fossil evidence? | Prokaryotic cells. |
What was not present in the early atmosphere? | Oxygen |
What is the most recent group of hominins? | Homo sapiens. |
What is a homo sapien? | Modern day humans. (Homo= man Sapien= wise) |
What is Darwinian fitness? | How successful an organism is at passing its genes on to the next generation. |
What does "Endo" mean? | Within. |
What are most-fit individuals? | Individuals who have the BEST chance for passing genes to the next generation. |
A bat wing and a bird wing show __________ and are ___________ ____________. | 1. descent with modification, 2. homologous structures |
What are homologous structures? | Atomical structures from different species that descended from a common ancestor. |
What is a limitation of fossils? | They are rare. |
What's NOT a characteristic of primates? | Primates typically do not have large litters. |
Primates put a lot of time and energy to raise a _______ number of offspring. | small |
Endosymbiont theory deals with ______________. | how eukaryotic cells were formed. |
What does symbiosis mean? | Living together. |
What is the endosymbiont theory? | Some organelles found in eukaryotic cells were actually bacteria that were engulfed by other prokaryotic cells. |
A species is defined as populations capable of ____________ and ____________ fertile offspring. | 1. interbreeding, 2. producing |
Genetic drift= factors that causes changes in the ________ frequencies of a population. | allele |
Founder effect= when a small number of members of a population start a _________ population and the allele frequencies are different from the original population. | new |
What is true about fossils? | The absolute age puts an ACTUAL DATE on the fossil, while RELATIVE age just states which fossils is older--based upon its location in the sedimentary layers. |
What are sedimentary layers? | Thin, horizontal “sheets” of rock or material that form when particles like sand, silt, clay, or organic debris settle and pack together over time. |
What produces VARIATIONS in populations? | Sexual reproduction |
What does sexual reproduction involve? | Meiosis and fertilization. |
New genes arise through ____________. | mutations |
What is a mutation? | Any change in the DNA sequence. |
What is NOT a difference between humans and chimps? | Tails; neither humans nor chimps have tails. |
Multicellularity did NOT result in the evolution of _______________ _______. | prokaryotic cells |
What is multicellularity? | Organisms that contain more than ONE cell, and the cells are specialized for a given task. |
The sequence of life is: Inorganic molecules > ______ _________ _____________ macromolecules > prokaryotic cells ______________ ________. | 1. small inorganic molecules, 2. eukaryotic cells |
What is bipedalism? | It is the first major milestone for human evolution. |
Point mutation rate is used as molecular clocks to determine when TWO species diverged from a ____________ __________. | common ancestor |
The Miller-Urey experiment showed how ___________ _____________ formed __________ ______________. | 1. inorganic molecules 2. organic molecules |
What is the most inclusive? | Kingdom |
What is likely to be true concerning a fossil? | The stomach of an animal is likely to be preserved. |
What does NOT deal directly with changes in gene frequences within populations? | Macroevolution. |
What is macroevolution? | Large-scale evolutionary changes that happen over a long period of time, often leading to new species. |
What are droplets? | Groups of molecules surrounded by a membrane-like layer; helped organized chemicals. |
What are organic molecules? | Carbon-based molecules that are the building blocks of life. |
What is genetic material? | Molecules such as RNA/DNA that store and pass on genetic information. |
What are prokaryotic cells? | The FIRST simple cells; no nucleus. |
What is endosymbiosis? | A larger cell engulfed smaller cells that began living inside it; eventually became organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts. |
What are eukaryotic cells? | Cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. |
What is MACROevolution? | Large-scale evolutionary changes that can lead to new species. |
What is MICROevolution? | SMALL changes in gene frequencies within a population. |
What is a gene pool? | All of the genes/alleles in a population. |
What is a population? | Members of the same species living in the same area. |
What is a convergent evolution? | When unrelated organisms develop similar traits. |
What is genetic drift? | Random changes in gene frequencies. |
What is bottleneck effect? | A population being greatly reduced, causing loss in genetic variation. |
What is the founder effect? | A small group leaves a population and starts a NEW population. |
What is gene flow? | The movement of genes between populations. |
What are species? | Organisms that can reproduce with each other and produce fertile offspring. |
What are analogous structures? | Similar function, but different evolutionary ORIGINS. |
What are homologous structures? | Similar underlying STRUCTURE, because of common ancestor. |
What is fitness? | An organism's ability to survive and reproduce. |
What is natural selection? | The process where organisms that are better adapted to their environment, tend to survive and produce more offspring. |
What is evolution? | A change in inherited traits of a population over generations. |
What are the 4 characteristics of early homnins? | Bipedalism (walked on 2 legs), larger brain, tool use and changes in teeth, jaw, and face. |
What are common misconceptions of Human Bio? | "Individuals evolve"--- POPULATIONS evolve over generations.
"Humans evolved from modern monkeys" -- humans and modern monkeys SHARE a common ancestor.
"Organisms evolve because they need to." -- Evolution occurs through genetic variation and natural selection.
"ALL mutations are bad."-- Mutations can be helpful, harmful, or neutral. |
What is an ecology niche? | An organism's role in its environment. |
What is a population? | The same species in an area. |
What is a community? | Different populations living together. |
What is an ecosystem? | Living and nonliving things interacting. |
What is photosynthesis? | Plants using sunlight to make food. |
What is cellular respiration? | When cells break down food to release usable energy. |
Producers? | Make their OWN food. |
Consumers? | Get energy by eating OTHER organisms |
Decomposers? | Break down dead organisms and waste (ex. fungi and bacteria). |
What is a food chain? | One patch of energy through organisms. |
What is a food web? | Many connected food chains. |
What is a biomass pyramid? | Shows the amount of living material at EACH trophic level. |
___________ flows through an ecosystem and decreases as you move up the food chain. | Energy |
Nutrients are recycled between ________ and ___ _________ parts of ecosystems. | 1. living, 2. non-living |
What is the carbon cycle? | Carbon moves between the atmosphere, soil, plants, and water. |
What is the water cycle? | Water moves through evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and runoff. |
What is runoff? | Water that flows over the ground into rivers, lakes, or oceans instead of soaking in the soil. |
What is the nitrogen cycle? | Nitrogen moves through the atmosphere, soil, plants, and animals. |
Human activities can disrupt nutrient cycles through: | burning fossil fuels, deforestation, pollution, and fertilizer use. |
What is condensation? | When water goes from GAS to LIQUID. (fog forming) |
What is evaporation? | When water goes from LIQUID to GAS. (puddle drying) |
What is precipitation? | When water falls from the clouds to Earth (surface). = rain, snow ,hail, sleet. |
What is biodiversity? | Variety of living organisms in an ecosystem. |
Why is biodiversity important? | It helps the ecosystem stay healthy and better withstand environmental changes. |
What is PRIMARY succession? | Starts where there is NO soil. |
What is SECONDARY succession? | Happens after a disturbance where soil REMAINS> |
What is a climax community? | A community that has reached a stable, mature stage of ecological succession. |
What is a hydrosphere? | ALL of Earth's water (oceans, lakes, rivers, etc.) |
What is an atmosphere? | The layer of GASES surrounding Earth. |
What is a lithosphere? | The solid outer layer of Earth, including the CRUST and uppermost mantle. |
What are population dynamics? | Changes in a population's size and composition over time; mainly due to births, deaths, immigration, and emigration. |
Ecological niche is how a species does what? | How a species interacts with other organisms and gets resources. |
What are the different types of species? | Native, Invasive, Endemic, Ambassador, and Keystone. |
Native species= | Naturally occurs in an area. |
Invasive species= | Non-native species that spreads and causes harm. |
Endemic species= | Found ONLY in a specific geographic area. |
Ambassador species= | Species used to represent and raise awareness for conservation. |
Keystone species= | Species that has a MAJOR effect on its ecosystem (KEY), even if it isn't very large amounts. |
What is carrying capacity? | The largest number of organisms that an environment can support. |
Primary consumers eat ____________ | PRODUCERS (ex. rabbit eating plant/grass) usually HERBIVORES. |
Secondary consumers eat ___________ | PRIMARY CONSUMERS (ex. snake eating rabbit) usually CARNIVORES/OMNIVORES. |
Producers _______________. | make their own food using sunlight. |
Tertiary consumers eat ___________. | SECONDARY CONSUMERS (high-level predators) (Ex. hawk eats a snake). |
What is the trophic level chain? | Producer> Primary> Secondary>Tertiary>Quaternary |