What happens with physical development at 5 months

Birth weight doubles (15 lbs)

What happens with physical development at 1 year

Birth weight triples (22lbs, 30 in.)

what happens with physical development at 2 years

Weight quadruples(30 lbs, 36in)

how big is the head at birth

1/4 of body

What happens at 2 years old

the rest of the body catches up

Cephalocaudal

growth proceeds from head to toe

Proximodistal

growth happens from the center of the body to outward

Brain growth at birth

1 pound, 25% of adult size

Brain growth at 2

3 pounds, 75% of adult size

Neuron

brain cell, 100-200 billion

Dendrite

Receive messages

Axons

send messages

Neurotransmitters

Chemical messengers between neurons

Synapse

Gap between neurons where communication occurs

Synaptic Pruning

unused neural connections are eliminated, speeds nerve impulse transmission

Myelin

Fatty covering around neurons, speeds nerve impulse transmission

Plasticity

Brain being able to change because of experience

Sensitive Period

Time when development is most affected by environmental influences

Shaken Baby Syndrome

Violent shaking causes brain injury, disability, or death

States

different levels of awareness

newborn sleep: average

16-17 hours

newborn sleep: range

10-20 hours

REM sleep

rapid eye movement sleep, important for brain self-stimulation

SUID

sudden unexpected infant death

SIDS

sudden infant death syndrome healthy infants dies unexpectedly during sleep

SiD risk factors

age 2-4 months, male infants, prematurity/ low birth weight, maternal smoking, brain abnormalities, secondhand smoke exposure, previous sibling died of SIDs

How to prevent SIDS

place baby on back to sleep

Environmental risk of SIDS

sleeping on stomach or side, soft mattresses, bed sharing, overheating

Moro reflex

6 months, arms extend when support is removed

Babinski reflex

8-12 months, almost like feet stroke, toes fan forward

Startle reflex

year varies, response to sudden loud noise

Gross Motor skill at 6 months

sit unsupported

Gross Motor skill at 8-10 months

crawl

Gross Motor skill at 9 months

walk while holding furniture

Gross Motor skills at 1 year

About half walk independently

what does motor development support

cognitive growth, social development, perceptual development

Fine motor skill at 3 months

coordinate limb movements

Fine motor skill at 11 months

pick up objects

Fine motor skill at 2 years

Drink from cup without spilling

How many calories should consume per day

50 calories

Failure to thrive

growth slows due to inadequate care and stimulation

Malnutrition effect

slower growth, lower IQ, poorer school performance

Marasmus

severe undernutrition, growth stops

Kwashiorkor

protein deficiency

Kwashiorkor symptoms

swollen abdomen, swollen limbs, skin changes, listlessness

Breastfeeding advantages

complete nutrition, disease protection, easier digestion, supports cognitive development. emotional benefits

weaning

stopping breastfeeding

Vision at birth

limited visual acuity

vision at 6 months

near 20/20 vision

what type of visual preferences does infants prefer

human before birth, complex patterns, less interest in simple shapes

hearing as an infant

hear before birth, recognize mothers voice, localize sound, distinguish speech sounds

smell at birth

well developed at birth, recognizes mothers scent

taste

doe not like bitter taste, prefer sweet tastes

Touch

most developed at birth

touch benefits

supports growth, supports social development, helps infants learn about the environment

Piaget Theory

children actively construct knowledge, development proceeds through stages, children think differently than adults

Schema

Mental framework for understanding the world

Assimilation

adding new information into existing schemas

Accommodation

Changing a schema to fit new information

Sensorimotor Stage 1

simple reflexes birth 1-month example: sucking reflex

Sensorimotor Stage 2

Primary Circular Reactions birth 1-4 months example: repeating actions involving own body

Sensorimotor Stage 3

Secondary Circular Reaction 4-8 months example: shaking a rattle repeatedly

Sensorimotor Stage 4

Coordination of Secondary Circular Reactions 8-12 months

what is a major achievement to stage 4

object permanence: understanding objects continue to exist even when unseen

Stage 5

tertiary circular reactions 12-18 months little scientist stage example: repeatedly dropping objects to observe outcomes

sensorimotor stage 6

mental representation: thinking about objects /events not currently present 18-24 months example: pretending to cook after watching a parent cook

Deferred Imitation

copying behavior seen before

Information process theory

continuous development, quantitative changes

encoding

part of memory process entering information

storage

part of memory process saving information

retrieval

part of memory process remembering information

Infantile Amnesia

little memory before age 3

explicit memory

long term, conscious memory

implicit memory

long term, unconscious memory that affects behavior

Bayley Scales

Intelligence Testing age 2-24 months measures mental abilities, motor abilities

Phonology

speech sounds

Morpheme

smallest unit with meaning

Semantics

meaning of words and sentences

Prelinguistic Communication

crying, cooling, gestures

babbling

component from prelinguistic communication: meaningless speech like sounds

9- 14 months words

first words

15 months words

10 words

16-24 months words

50-400 words, Vocabulary explosion

Holophrases

one word represents entire thought

Telegraphic Speech

short sentences with missing words

Language Theory

language learned through reinforcement

Nativist Theory (Chomsky) Universal Grammar

all languages share underlying structures

Language Acquisition Device (LAD)

Innate brain system for language learning

Interactionist Theory

language develops through biology, environment, social interaction

Infant Directed Speech

higher pitch, slower tempo, repetition, short, simple sentences

Benefits of Infant Directed Speech

infants prefer it, supports language learning