what is a strain
overstretching / overuse of the musculotendinous unit from slight or repeated trauma; severe = muscle-tendon rupture/tear
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
what is a strain | overstretching / overuse of the musculotendinous unit from slight or repeated trauma; severe = muscle-tendon rupture/tear |
what is a sprain | severe stress, stretch, or tear of a ligament, joint capsule, and/or associated tendons/muscles |
what is a dislocation | displacement of the articulating structures of a joint; combination of strain/sprain |
what is a subluxation | partial dislocation of articulating structures of a joint |
define tendinopathy | general term for tendon injury |
define tendinitis | inflammation of a tendon from overuse / misuse |
define tenosynovitis | inflammation of the synovial membrane surrounding a tendon |
define tenovaginitis | inflammation with thickening of a tendon sheath |
define tendinosis | degeneration from repetitive microtrauma |
define bursitis | inflammation of a bursa |
what is a contusion | bruising from a direct blow to tissue leading to capillary bursting |
what is dysfunction | adaptive shortening, adhesions, muscle weakness, loss of normal joint movement |
what is a contracture | adaptive shortening preventing flexibility of tissues |
what is an adhesion | abnormal adherence of collagen to surrounding structures |
what is reflex muscle guarding | pain-induced contraction/spasm that helps immobilize the region |
promote functional scar tissue / pain free movement / full strength and flexibility | goals of massage |
remediate / improve function / decrease risk factors / optimize overall health | goals of therapeutic exercise |
grade 1 soft tissue injury characteristics | mild pain in first 24 hours, mild inflammation, pain with stress, can continue activity |
grade 2 soft tissue injury characteristics | moderate pain, must stop activity, some tissue tearing |
grade 3 soft tissue injury characteristics | near/complete tear, high pain & inflammation; ligaments may be painless when unattached |
key tissue responses in the acute stage | vascular changes, histamine-driven permeability, clot formation, phagocytosis, leukocyte activity, early fibroblasts |
clinical signs of acute stage | redness, swelling, heat, pain, loss of function, guarding, bruising |
PT goals in acute stage | protect tissue, control inflammation, maintain mobility in surrounding areas, prevent complications |
interventions in acute stage | RICE, gentle PROM, submax isometrics, assisted circulation |
tissue responses in early subacute | removal of noxious stimuli, angiogenesis, collagen formation, granulation tissue, re-epithelialization |
clinical signs of early subacute | decreased inflammation, pain with resistance, pink/warm tissue, decreased spasm |
goals/interventions in early subacute: | develop mobile scar, selective stretching, non-destructive exercise, stabilization, endurance, education |
tissue responses in late subacute: | wound contraction via myofibroblasts, scar remodeling, collagen cross-linking |
clinical signs in late subacute: | some edema, decreased pain, increased ROM limits, color changes in bruising, pain with PFROM |
interventions in late subacute: | full range PR/PFROM, strengthening, stretching, PNF, balance, proprioception |
tissue responses in chronic stage: | maturation/remodeling of connective tissue, contracture, collagen alignment, possible chronic inflammation |
clinical signs of chronic stage: | no edema, increased ROM, pain after resistance/overpressure |
interventions in chronic stage: | progressive strengthening, endurance, functional training, specificity drills |
define kinesiology: | study of muscular activity, anatomy, physiology, biomechanics of movement |
define biomechanics: | study of mechanical laws applied to living organisms |
define osteokinematics: | voluntary bone movement in planes of motion |
define arthrokinematics: | involuntary joint capsule movements (roll, slide, spin) |
what are the three components of a lever system: | axis (joint), effort (muscle), resistance (load) |
mechanical advantage formula: | MA = effort / resistance |
1st class lever pattern: | Effort - Axis - Resistance (EAR) |
2nd class lever pattern: | Axis - Resistance - Effort (ARE) |
3rd class lever pattern: | Axis - Effort - Resistance (AER) |
define agonist: | prime mover generating force |
define antagonist: | opposes agonist; lengthens to allow movement |
define synergist: | assists agonist; refines movement; prevents unwanted motion |
define fixator: | stabilizes origin/joint so agonist can work |
define disablement: | impact on function due to disease/injury |
define impairment: | consequences of pathology (MK, NM, etc.) |
define functional activity limitations: | restrictions in ADLs (basic & instrumental) |
define disability: | inability to perform tasks required for independence |
define examination: | information collection (history, intake, assessment) |
define evaluation: | clinical impression from exam findings |
define prognosis: | predicted outcome, goals, timeframe |
define intervention: | treatment to improve function or reduce impairment |
define reevaluation | formal reassessment to modify goals/treatment |