Processing Speed

time to perceive, process, and respond increases, slower neural transmissions, affects memory, attention, and reasoning

Encoding

process of creating memory, difficulty keeping up with rapid information, increased reliance on simple strategies

Attention changes

selective attention(one task) remains, divided attention(multitasking) decreases, increased susceptibility to distraction, decreased inhibitory control(control over relevant stimuli)

Working Memory

decreased capacity and efficiency

Episodic Memory

decreased recall of events and details

Sematic Memory

preserved and improved knowledge and vocabulary

Retrieval vs Storage

recognition > recalling information, retrieval speed decreases, stored info remains intact

Executive Function

decreased cognitive flexibility(task- switching), slow decision making under pressure, increased effort for complex planning

Brain Changes

decreased brain volume (prefrontal cortex and hippocampus), slower neural signals, decreased dopamine levels, changes in neural connectivity

Compensation

bilateral activation(both hemispheres in use), alternative neural pathways (limits in cognitive resources and effectiveness under high task demands)

Cognitive Reserve

ability to tolerate brain changes (built through education, experience, and engagement) explains aging variability

"Successful aging"

maintain independence, preserve cognitive function, sustain quality of life

Exercise Benefits

Increased blood flow to brain, support neurogenesis, maintain brain volume

Mental Stimulation

strengthens neural connections and neuroplasticity

Social Interaction

cognitive stimulation, less stress, engages attention, language, and memory

Diet

supports brain function and inflamation, protects against vascular issues and cognition issues