radical behaviorism

created by skinner; incorporates private events into an overall conceptual system of behavior that includes and seeks to understand all human behavior

methodological behaviorism

relies on observable phenomena of behavior and denies the existence of inner variables

mentalism

approach to the study of behavior which assumes that a mental or inner dimension exists that differs from a beahvioral dimension

john watson contributed to...

stimulus-response behaviorism

B.F. skinner contributed to...

experimental analysis of behavior, operant conditoning, radical behaviorism

Ivan Pavlov contributed to...

respondent behavior/reflexive behavior, classical conditoning

7 Dimensions of ABA

1. Applied 2. Behavioral 3. Analytic 4. Technological 5. Conceptual Systems 6. Effective 7. Generality

applied

The behavior targeted for change must be socially significant behavior that will improve the person's life.

behavioral

clearly defined target behavior that is measurable and observable

analysis

experimenter demonstrates a functional relationship between an event and a reliable change in some measurable dimension of the targeted behavior

technological

Procedures are completely identified, and precisely described and defined.

effective

must improve the behavior to a practical/socially significant degree

generality

behavior lasts over time, appears in environments other than the one in which the intervention that initally produced it was implemented and or spreads to other behaviors not directly treated by the intervention

S-R contingency

relationship between environmental stimuli and the responses they evoke

S-S pairing

stimulus-stimulus pairing, used in classical conditioning/respondent conditioning

3-term contingency

based on operant behavior, includes stimulus response stimulus or antecedent behavior consequence

4-term contingency

based on operant behavior includes motivating operation, stimulus, response, stimulus

time sampling

The procedure of observing and recording behavior during intervals or at specific moments

time sampling is a type of ___ measurement

discontinuous measurement

whole interval time sampling

response to be emitted throughout the entire interval for its presence to be scored; UNDERESTIMATES occurence of behavior; behavior need a definite start and stop time. Advantages --- good for long behaviors (in duration) and infrequent behaviors. Disadvantages --requires continuous observation

partial interval time sampling

response is recorded if it occurs at any time during the interval; OVERESTIMATES occurence of behavior; need a definite start and stop time Advantages --- easy to use in applied settings, good for short (not long in duration) and frequent behaviors; does not require continuous observation.

momentary time sampling

apresence or absence of behaviors are recorded at precisely specified time intervals/end of interval

response deprivation hypothesis

Based on the Premack principle; a model for predicting whether contingent access to one behavior will function as reinforcement for engaging in another behavior based on whether access to the contingent behavior represents a restriction of the activity compared to the baseline level of engagement

response deprivation hypothesis--restriction serves as...

an establishing operation--thus making the opportunity to engage in the restricted behavior an effective form of reinforcement

premack principle

A principle that states that making the opportunity to engage in a high-probability behavior contingent on the occurrence of a low-frequency behavior will function as reinforcement for the low-frequency behavior.

operant behavior

behavior determined primarily be its history of consequences--behavior is shaped and maintained by the consequences that have followed it in the past

operant behavior vs. respondent behavior

respondent behavior is elicted by antecedent events

respondent behavior

formally neutral stimuli can aquire the abililty to elicit respondents through a learning process

considerations when selecting a target behavior

1. will this behavior produce reinforcement in the natural envionrment 2. is this behavior a prerequiste skill 3. will it increase client's access to enviornments where other important behaviors can be learned (ex: school) 4. will changing this behavior predisponse others to interact with this client 5. is this behavior a behavior cusp or pivotal behavior 6. is this age appropriate 7. if the behavior is eliminated what adaptive behavior will replace it 8. does this behavior represent the actual problem or goal 9. is this just talk or is it the real behavior of interest 10. what if the goal of the behavior change program is not a behavior

prioritizing target behaviors

1. does a behavior pose any danger to the client 2. how many opportunities will the person have to use this new behavior 3. how long standing is the probelm 4. will changing this behavior produce higher rates of reinforcement for the person 5. what will be the relative importance of this target behavior to future skill development and independence 6. will changing this behavior reduce negative or unwanted attnetion from others 7. will this new behavior produce reinforcement for significant others 8. how likely is the success in changing this behavior 9. how much will it cost to change this behavior

habilitation

the degree to which the person's repertoiere maximizes short and long term reinforcers for that individual and minimizes short and long term punishers

relevance of behavior rule

the target behavior should be selected only when it can be determined that the behavior is likely to produce reinforcement in the natural enviornment

measurable dimensions of behavior

repeatability, temporal extent, temporal locus

repeatability also called

countability

repeatability

behavior occurs repeatedlu through time-behavior is able to be counted

count

simple tally of the number of occurences of a behavior

temporal extent

every instance of a behavior occurs during some amount of time (duraction)

temporal locus

every instance of behavior occurs at a certain point in time which respect to other events (latency, IRT, etc.)

rate

number of reponses per unit of time

latency

measure of the elapsed time between the onset of a stimulus and the subsequent response

interresponse time (IRT)

measure of the amount of time that elapses between 2 consequtive instances of a behavior

derivative measures of behavior

derived from direct measures; examples: percentage and trials to criterion

permenant product

measuring behavior after is has occured by observing the effects the behavior produced on the envionrment

reinforcer

a stimulus

reinforcing

a property of a stimuilus

reinforcement

a stimulus or event that strengthens the behavior it follows

reinforcement

increases future frequency of a behavior

punishment

decreases future frequency of a behavior

positive

stimuus is added

negative

stimulus is removed

unconditioned reinforcer

a stimulus that is reinforcing without prior learning

topography

the physical form or shape of a behavior

function based definition

responses as members of the target reponse class soley by their common effect on the enviornment

topography based definition

identifies instances of the target behavior by the shape or form of the behavior

response class

A group of responses of varying topography, all of which produce the same effect on the environment.

stimulus class

A group of stimuli that share specified common elements

fixed schedule

a schedule in which reinforcement is provided after a specific number of occurrences or after a specific amount of time

variable schedule

a schedule in which reinforcement is provided at different rates or at different times

interval

refers to time

ratio

refers to number of responses

ratio schedules

higher rates of responding

interval schedules

lower rates of responding

fixed interval

scalloped responding-has post reinforcement pause

interval schedules have...

post reinforcement pause

ratio schedules do not have...

post reinforcement pause

ratio strain

behavioral effect associated with abrupt increases in ratio requirements when moving from denser to thinner reinforcement schedules

behavioral contrast

The phenomenon in which a change in one component of a multiple schedule that increases or decreases the rate of responding on that component is accompanied by a change in the response rate in the opposite direction on the other, unaltered component of the schedule.

matching law

allocation of responses to choices available on concurrent schedules of reinforcement; rates of responding across choices are distributed in proportions that match the rates of reinforcement received from each choice alternative