Creation of electrical potiential

Since its created by the separation of + and - charges, capacitors can be charged across from moving electrodes from one plate to another even if net charge is 0

Potential difference across electrode

Moving the charges from one electrode to another, causing the electric field to point from positive electrode to negative electrode as it is in the direction of decreasing potential causing the potential difference deltaV= Vpos- Vneg= - integral of neg to pos of Esds

Van de Graff generator

- Charge is mechanically transported from negative side to positive side creating the potential difference between sphere electrode and surroundings -Electric field of sphere electrode exerts a downward force as positive charges move up the belt so work must be done for the lifting of them and is done by the electric motor of belt

Battery

- Most common source of potential difference using chemical reactions for separations where electrolytes separate the electrodes and the chemical reactions in them transport the ions from one electrode to another pulling apart + and - charge creating the potential difference in terminals of battery

Charge escalator model

1) Charge escalator lifts positive charges form negative to positive terminal with chemical reactions in the electrolytes requiring work with the energy from chemical reactions 2) Work done per charge is e= Wchem/q 3) Charge separation creates potential difference deltaVbat between terminals where ideally deltaVbat= e

Terminal voltage

As work is done, charges gain potential energy and separation creates the potential difference, deltaVbat between + and - terminals as the emf is work, specifically work per charge for pulling + and - charges apart

Ideal battery

- No internal energy loss so all the work, Wchem, done to move q form the negative to positive terminal goes entirely into increasing potential energy so deltaVbat= e

Total potential of batteries ins series

Sum of their individual terminal voltages deltaV= V1+V2+...