Robert Hooke

coined the term cell after viewing thin sections of cork tissue which reminded him of monk rooms

Anton von Leeuwenhoek

invented the first light microscope and observed animalcules in pond water

Cell Theory

states that all organisms are made of cells the cell is the basic unit of life and all cells arise from preexisting cells

Light microscope

uses glass lenses and light with magnification between 40x and 1000x

Electron microscope

uses magnetic lenses and electrons to achieve magnification greater than 300000x

TEM

transmission electron microscope used to view thin sections of cells

SEM

scanning electron microscope used to view external surfaces of cells

Prokaryotic cells

simple cells with few structures and unbound DNA in a nucleoid region

Nucleoid region

region of cytoplasm where DNA sits in prokaryotes

Cytoplasm

fluid of a cell containing water and dissolved solutes

Cell membrane

phospholipid bilayer regulating movement in and out of a cell

Cell wall

protective peptidoglycan layer in prokaryotes or cellulose or chitin in eukaryotes

Capsule

jelly like coating with pili for attachment in prokaryotes

Fimbriae

hair like extensions used for attachment in prokaryotes

Ribosomes

tiny structures that synthesize proteins found in all cells

Flagella

long whip like tails used for movement

Eukaryotic cells

larger complex cells with many organelles some with double membranes

Cell wall

protects the cell provides shape and structural support made of cellulose or chitin

Cell membrane

thin phospholipid bilayer regulating transport and providing reaction surfaces

Phospholipids

form a barrier separating cytoplasm from extracellular fluid

Integral proteins

transport proteins embedded in the membrane

Peripheral proteins

receive chemical signals on membrane surfaces

Carbohydrates

used for attachment to other cells or surfaces

Cholesterol

stabilizes membrane while promoting flexibility

Nucleus

control center of the cell holding DNA

Nucleoplasm

fluid inside the nucleus

Nuclear envelope

double membrane covering the nucleus

Nucleolus

structure inside nucleus that produces ribosomes

Cytoplasm

fluid of the cell containing water and solutes

Cytoskeleton

protein network running through cytoplasm

Microtubules

hollow tubulin tubes used in DNA separation during cell division

Microfilaments

thin actin strips used to move substances through cytoplasm

Intermediate fibers

rope like keratin fibers protecting cells from stress and trauma

Microtrabeculae

fine wispy proteins anchoring structures in cytoplasm

Vacuoles

membrane bound sacs for storage

Contractile vacuole

vacuole in protozoans storing and expelling excess water

Fat vacuole

vacuole in animal cells storing triglycerides

Central vacuole

large plant vacuole storing water and starch

Mitochondrion

site of cellular respiration converting glucose into ATP

Mitochondrial envelope

double membrane of mitochondria

Matrix

fluid inside mitochondrion

Cristae

folds of inner mitochondrial membrane

Chloroplast

organelle for photosynthesis converting light energy into glucose

Stroma

energy rich fluid inside chloroplast

Thylakoid disks

pigment covered disks trapping light

Granum

stack of thylakoid disks

Ribosomes

structures made of two subunits that build proteins

Free ribosomes

ribosomes attached to cytoskeleton proteins

Bound ribosomes

ribosomes attached to rough ER

Lysosomes

membrane sacs of hydrolytic enzymes digesting food waste and damaged structures

Peroxisomes

membrane sacs of catalytic enzymes breaking down hydrogen peroxide

Endoplasmic reticulum

system of membranous channels forming vesicles

Rough ER

ER with ribosomes that processes and packages proteins

Smooth ER

ER without ribosomes that synthesizes lipids stores calcium and detoxifies

Golgi apparatus

stacks of flattened sacs that package and distribute substances and form lysosomes and peroxisomes

Cilia

short hair like extensions moving like stiff oars

Flagella

long whip like tails used for movement

9 plus 2 arrangement

microtubule structure of cilia and flagella with nine doublets and two singlets

Basal bodies

structures of nine triplet microtubules anchoring cilia and flagella

Dynein arms

proteins using ATP to slide microtubules for movement

Centrioles

microtubule structures in pairs used in DNA separation during cell division

Centrosome

cytoplasmic region where centrioles sit

Plasmodesmata

channels connecting adjacent plant cells for communication and sharing cytoplasm

Tight junctions

snap like connections using microfilaments forming leak proof tissues

Desmosomes

button like connections using intermediate fibers allowing fluid movement between cells

Gap junctions

channels connecting adjacent animal cells allowing communication and substance sharing