Philosophy

The unusually stubborn attempt to think clearly

Ethics

Study of right and proper behaviour

Epistemology

Study of the nature and limits of knowledge

Metaphysics

Study of the foundational nature of reality

Logic

Study of argumentation and systematic reasoning

Axiology (aesthetics)

Study of value, largely with respect to art, mostly called aesthetics

Philosophical methodology

You need to be aware and honest about your starting assumptions, and be aware of how they will affect your conclusions;

Dualism (mind-body)

The idea that the universe is made up of TWO distinct substances: Material Reality (things we can feel, touch, interact with) and Immaterial Reality (things we understand and reflect on).

Monism

Idea that the universe is made up of ONE substance that all things are made up of (atoms, matter)

Materialism

The belief that all reality reduces down to physical matter

Idealism

The belief that reality is all mind or thought