Cephalanthus occidentalis
-shrub
-whorled leaves
-interpetiolar stipules
-spherical inflorescence heads with inferior ovary position
-red, bouyant (water-dispersed) nutlets
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cephalanthus occidentalis | -shrub -whorled leaves -interpetiolar stipules -spherical inflorescence heads with inferior ovary position -red, bouyant (water-dispersed) nutlets |
| Rubiaceae characteristics | -opposite or whorled leaves -interpetiolar stipules -inferior ovary -4-merous white flowers |
| Apocynum cannabinum | -herb w/ latex (tissues with laticifers, cells containing latex) -red/purple stem -leaves w/ reduced petioles and mucros (small apical points at leaf tip) -fruit are pair of follicles with comose seeds |
| interpetiolar stipules | stipules between the petioles of opposite leaves |
| follicles | fruit derived from a single carpel that opens along one seam |
| comose seed | with a tuft of hair to be carried in the wind |
| Amorpha fruticosa | -shrub ('false indigo bush') -leaves are odd-pinnate/imparipinnate -midribs extend as small mucro -raceme of indigo flowers (no keels or wings that are standard of the pea family, Fabaceae) -fruit is legume -'amorpha' means formless, referring to the flowers with only one petal |
| legume | dry fruit derived from a single carpel that opens along 2 longitudinal seams |
| Polygonum articulatum | -herbaceous knotweed -erect stem w/ swollen, jointed nodes (Polygonaceae characteristic) -ocrea present -solitary inflorescence with extremely reduced leaves -fruit are achenes |
| ocrea | fused sheathing stipule (Polygonaceae characteristic) |
| achene | small, indehiscent, dry fruit w/ thin wall surrounding a single seed |
| Impatiens capensis | -herbaceous 'jewelweed' -leaves are ellipsoid w/ serrate margins -succulent stems w no indument (hairs or scales) -solitary inflorescence w/ orange perianth (calyx & corolla / sepals & petals) -fruit are capsules that open explosively and shoot seeds several meters -shiny underwater, juice from crushed stem alleviates poison ivy and stinging nettle |
| capsule | dry, dehiscent fruit formed from two or more united carpels |
| Vitis riparia | -liana (woody vine) w/ shreddy bark -dentate margins -leaves opposite tendrils with abaxial (underside) hairs -leaf shape varies between climbing and ground-hugging leaves -raceme opposite leaves; flowering stimulated by climbing -black, globose (spherical) and glaucous (powdery) berry |
| tendrils | elongated modified from an inflorescence, leaf, or stem that assists in climbing |
| berry | indehiscent, fleshy fruit w/ many seeds |
| Solanum dulcamara | -herbaceous liana -stem starts purples and turns woody & brown as it matures -leaves are simple-compound (variable) w/ triangular outline and 3 deep lobes -panicle of flowers w/ purple and reflexed (away from the stamen) petals -stamens fused into a cone surrounding the style -buzz-pollinated with poricidal dehiscent anthers -red fleshy berry with axile placentation (seeds attached along central column) -invasive and all parts toxic |
| monograph | publication on delimitations of species and accompanying nomenclature as well as morphology, distribution, and phylogeny of plant groups |
| Laportea canadensis | -herb -fibrous stem w/ hairs -monoecious (one home for both types), axillary cymes -pistilate flowers are towards the apex while staminate flowers are lower on the plant -fruit are achenes -stinging sensation from formic acids in trichomes |
| Matteuccia struthiopteris | -herbaceous fern that formed large colonies -erect rhizome with gold-brown scales -leaves are only once pinnate; entire-lobed margins -dimorphic; fertile leaves persist through winter |
| stipe | fern petiole |
| pinnatfid | deeply lobed, not all the way to the costa |
| Pinna(e) | fern leaflet |
| Sporangium | case containing spores |
| Spore | individual reproductive unit |
| Acer negundo | -deciduous tree -leaves are opposite, pinnately compound, and paler abaxially -dioecious raceme -fruit are samaroid schizocarps -'acer' means sharp, in reference to spear-making -sap used in sugaring and tea of bark used to induce vomiting |
| Humulus japonicus | -herbaceous vine -stem has retroflexed prickles and bracts at petiole bases -leaves are very much of family Cannabaceae -dioecious and petal-less; female flowers are catkins and males are panicles -fruit are achenes with apical placentation |
| Onoclea sensibilis | -herbaceous, colony-forming fern w/ long-creeping rhizome -once pinnate-pinnatifid, dimorphic leaves with anastomosing (net-like) veins -leaves also w/ winged rachis/midrib and 2 vascular bundles -fertile fronds are twice pinnate enclose sori (collections of sporangia) -name comes from low temperature sensitivity |
| Rhus hirta | -large shrub or treelet -new stem growth is red-purple and covered in acicular (needle-shaped) hairs -fruit are red, hairy drupes that attract birds for animal dispersal |
| Sicyos angulatus | -herbaceous vine -stem green and covered in acicular hairs; rough hairs on petiole -leaves opposite of tendrils -inflorescence varies as flowers are imperfect -inferior ovary of 3 carpels and 1 large seed -fruits are prickly capsules that get stuck in fur for animal dispersal |
| Carya ovata | -tree w/ rigid but peeling/hanging bark plates -pinnately compound w/ obovate leaflets that are imparipinnate -inflorescence is an ament (raceme w/ apetalous flowers that droops towards the ground, weird looking) -fruit are 1-seeded nuts w/ thick exocarp enclosed in a thick husk which has 4 segments that fall off at maturity |
| Thuja occidentalis | -tree w/ tough but stringy/shreddy bark -mature leaves are 4-ranked (1 dorsal, 1 ventral, and 2 lateral), overlapping on fan-like branchlets -dorsal leaves have large resinous glands; resinous wood resists decay better -solitary ovulate cones w/ narrowly winged seeds |
| Equisetum hyemale | -scouring rush, path-forming by long creeping rhizome -unbranched, hollow, photosynthetic stems with ridges of silica -terminal strobilus made of sporangiophores -photosynthetic spores have elaters -circumboreal distribution |
| elaters | spore appendages that expand for wind dispersal and coil when humid which allows it to drop and germinate; characteristic of Equisetum hyemale |
| Symphyotrichum novae-angliae | -glandular hairs on stem and leaves -sessile leaves, both ciliate (straight, erect hairs on margin or ridge) and auriculate (ear-shaped appendage at the base of the leaf) -inflorescence is a capitula of purple ray flowers and yellow disc flowers (connately fused) with a campanulate involucre -phyllaries with stalked glands -wind-dispersed achenes |
| involucre | whorl of bracts surrounding an inflorescence |
| Reynoutria japonica | -herbaceous 'japanese knotweed' colonizes via rhizome -glabrous, zigzagging stems w swollen nodes -inflorescence of spikes or panicles -fruit is winged achene |
| Panthorum sedoides | -herb, spreads via stolon (aboveground rhizome) -stems with hair -inflorescence is terminal cymes, typically apetalous -partially inferior ovary -fruit is aggregate, paired follicles joined at the center, seems unfused |
| Zanthoxylum americanum | -shrub? 'prickly ash' -stem w paired spines (modified leaflets) at leaf base -crenate margin with pellucid dots (oils) -cluster of flowers (dioecious) -fruit is red capsule -'zanthoxylum' means yellow wood (dye from roots) |
| Quercus macrocarpa | -deciduous tree -leaves are adaxially dark green and glabrous while abaxially pale and densely tomentose (stellate (star-like) hairs) -dimorphic, monoecious flowers: staminate flowers are yellow apetalous catkins while pistillate flowers are spikes covered in involucre bracts with red styles -fruit are nuts (acorns) |
| Cyperus squarrosus | -clump-forming herb -basal, glabrous stem -spikelet: flower of Cyperaceae -rachilla: stalk of central spikelet -fruit is 3-sided achene |
| Sparganium eurycarpum | -tall herb w/ erect stem -leaves w/ triangular cross sections -inflorescences are spherical heads w/ monoecious, wind-pollinated flowers -staminate = apetalous; pistillate = larger and below staminate flowers to make self-reproduction easier -fruit is an aggregate of pyramidal achenes |
| Butomus umbellatus | -aquatic, rhizomatous herb -3-sided leaves -inflorescence of umbels (flower above water) -fruit are clustered follicles w/ long beaks |
| Decodon verticillatus | -tristylous -pedicels longer than hypanthia -calyx is persistent -dehiscent capsule; spongy tissue in outer seed coat for water dispersal -'verticillatus' = whorled |
| Diphasiastrum digitatum | -evergreen terrestrial, 'ground cedars' -microphyllous leaves in 4 ranks (1 vertical, 2 lateral, and 1 ventral) -microphylls (the leaves) are fused but with free tips -pedunculate (not sessile, meaning it has stalks) inflorescence -yellow strobilus (cylindrical fertile cone bearing sporangia) |
| Sarracenia purpurea | -clump-forming, wetland herb (purple pitcherplant) -internal retrorse hairs to keep in prey -solitary inflorescence -fruit is a loculicidal capsule of 5 connately fused carpels |
| Andromeda polifolia var. latifolia | -evergreen shrub -leaves are coriaceous, glaucus, and have mucros at the apex -revolute (curling) margins -umbel w/ urceolate (urn-shaped) corollas -fruit is a loculicidal capsule |
| Larix laricina | -deciduous tree -platey bark and whorled branches -no umbo (pointy tip like pines) -ovoid cones, needles in clusters |
| Polypodium virginianum | -epilithic fern forming patches via long-creeping rhizomes -scales at base of stipe and abaxially on rachis -pinnatifid fronds -sorus near apex; exindusiate (no indusium) sori w/ sporangiasters (non-reproductive stuff in the sorus) |
| Asplenium trichomanes | -lithophytic -short-creeping rhizome w/ clathrate scales -red stem -pinnae have free venation -monomorphic, sori linear along veins of pinna -indusium born on one side (towards leaf margin) |
| Asplenium rhizophyllum | -epilithic, patch-forming fern w/ proliferous buds on leaf tips -linear indusium, laterally attached -cordate fronds |
| Polystichum acrostichoides | -evergreen fern -clonal spreading through short-creeping rhizome -fronds w/ acroscopic auricles -hemidimorphic (distal pinnae of the frond are reproductive) -sori that merge to form an abaxial mat of sporangia -peltate (donut-like) indusium |
| Dryopteris intermedia | -evergreen fern -brown scales and glandular hairs -basal basiscopic pinnules will be shorter than ones before -reniform (bean-shaped) indusium |
| Dryopteris marginalis | -epilithic fern -scales at petiole base -reniform indusium -sori on the margins/edges of the leaflets |