Cephalanthus occidentalis

-shrub -whorled leaves -interpetiolar stipules -spherical inflorescence heads with inferior ovary position -red, bouyant (water-dispersed) nutlets

Rubiaceae characteristics

-opposite or whorled leaves -interpetiolar stipules -inferior ovary -4-merous white flowers

Apocynum cannabinum

-herb w/ latex (tissues with laticifers, cells containing latex) -red/purple stem -leaves w/ reduced petioles and mucros (small apical points at leaf tip) -fruit are pair of follicles with comose seeds

interpetiolar stipules

stipules between the petioles of opposite leaves

follicles

fruit derived from a single carpel that opens along one seam

comose seed

with a tuft of hair to be carried in the wind

Amorpha fruticosa

-shrub ('false indigo bush') -leaves are odd-pinnate/imparipinnate -midribs extend as small mucro -raceme of indigo flowers (no keels or wings that are standard of the pea family, Fabaceae) -fruit is legume -'amorpha' means formless, referring to the flowers with only one petal

legume

dry fruit derived from a single carpel that opens along 2 longitudinal seams

Polygonum articulatum

-herbaceous knotweed -erect stem w/ swollen, jointed nodes (Polygonaceae characteristic) -ocrea present -solitary inflorescence with extremely reduced leaves -fruit are achenes

ocrea

fused sheathing stipule (Polygonaceae characteristic)

achene

small, indehiscent, dry fruit w/ thin wall surrounding a single seed

Impatiens capensis

-herbaceous 'jewelweed' -leaves are ellipsoid w/ serrate margins -succulent stems w no indument (hairs or scales) -solitary inflorescence w/ orange perianth (calyx & corolla / sepals & petals) -fruit are capsules that open explosively and shoot seeds several meters -shiny underwater, juice from crushed stem alleviates poison ivy and stinging nettle

capsule

dry, dehiscent fruit formed from two or more united carpels

Vitis riparia

-liana (woody vine) w/ shreddy bark -dentate margins -leaves opposite tendrils with abaxial (underside) hairs -leaf shape varies between climbing and ground-hugging leaves -raceme opposite leaves; flowering stimulated by climbing -black, globose (spherical) and glaucous (powdery) berry

tendrils

elongated modified from an inflorescence, leaf, or stem that assists in climbing

berry

indehiscent, fleshy fruit w/ many seeds

Solanum dulcamara

-herbaceous liana -stem starts purples and turns woody & brown as it matures -leaves are simple-compound (variable) w/ triangular outline and 3 deep lobes -panicle of flowers w/ purple and reflexed (away from the stamen) petals -stamens fused into a cone surrounding the style -buzz-pollinated with poricidal dehiscent anthers -red fleshy berry with axile placentation (seeds attached along central column) -invasive and all parts toxic

monograph

publication on delimitations of species and accompanying nomenclature as well as morphology, distribution, and phylogeny of plant groups

Laportea canadensis

-herb -fibrous stem w/ hairs -monoecious (one home for both types), axillary cymes -pistilate flowers are towards the apex while staminate flowers are lower on the plant -fruit are achenes -stinging sensation from formic acids in trichomes

Matteuccia struthiopteris

-herbaceous fern that formed large colonies -erect rhizome with gold-brown scales -leaves are only once pinnate; entire-lobed margins -dimorphic; fertile leaves persist through winter

stipe

fern petiole

pinnatfid

deeply lobed, not all the way to the costa

Pinna(e)

fern leaflet

Sporangium

case containing spores

Spore

individual reproductive unit

Acer negundo

-deciduous tree -leaves are opposite, pinnately compound, and paler abaxially -dioecious raceme -fruit are samaroid schizocarps -'acer' means sharp, in reference to spear-making -sap used in sugaring and tea of bark used to induce vomiting

Humulus japonicus

-herbaceous vine -stem has retroflexed prickles and bracts at petiole bases -leaves are very much of family Cannabaceae -dioecious and petal-less; female flowers are catkins and males are panicles -fruit are achenes with apical placentation

Onoclea sensibilis

-herbaceous, colony-forming fern w/ long-creeping rhizome -once pinnate-pinnatifid, dimorphic leaves with anastomosing (net-like) veins -leaves also w/ winged rachis/midrib and 2 vascular bundles -fertile fronds are twice pinnate enclose sori (collections of sporangia) -name comes from low temperature sensitivity

Rhus hirta

-large shrub or treelet -new stem growth is red-purple and covered in acicular (needle-shaped) hairs -fruit are red, hairy drupes that attract birds for animal dispersal

Sicyos angulatus

-herbaceous vine -stem green and covered in acicular hairs; rough hairs on petiole -leaves opposite of tendrils -inflorescence varies as flowers are imperfect -inferior ovary of 3 carpels and 1 large seed -fruits are prickly capsules that get stuck in fur for animal dispersal

Carya ovata

-tree w/ rigid but peeling/hanging bark plates -pinnately compound w/ obovate leaflets that are imparipinnate -inflorescence is an ament (raceme w/ apetalous flowers that droops towards the ground, weird looking) -fruit are 1-seeded nuts w/ thick exocarp enclosed in a thick husk which has 4 segments that fall off at maturity

Thuja occidentalis

-tree w/ tough but stringy/shreddy bark -mature leaves are 4-ranked (1 dorsal, 1 ventral, and 2 lateral), overlapping on fan-like branchlets -dorsal leaves have large resinous glands; resinous wood resists decay better -solitary ovulate cones w/ narrowly winged seeds

Equisetum hyemale

-scouring rush, path-forming by long creeping rhizome -unbranched, hollow, photosynthetic stems with ridges of silica -terminal strobilus made of sporangiophores -photosynthetic spores have elaters -circumboreal distribution

elaters

spore appendages that expand for wind dispersal and coil when humid which allows it to drop and germinate; characteristic of Equisetum hyemale

Symphyotrichum novae-angliae

-glandular hairs on stem and leaves -sessile leaves, both ciliate (straight, erect hairs on margin or ridge) and auriculate (ear-shaped appendage at the base of the leaf) -inflorescence is a capitula of purple ray flowers and yellow disc flowers (connately fused) with a campanulate involucre -phyllaries with stalked glands -wind-dispersed achenes

involucre

whorl of bracts surrounding an inflorescence

Reynoutria japonica

-herbaceous 'japanese knotweed' colonizes via rhizome -glabrous, zigzagging stems w swollen nodes -inflorescence of spikes or panicles -fruit is winged achene

Panthorum sedoides

-herb, spreads via stolon (aboveground rhizome) -stems with hair -inflorescence is terminal cymes, typically apetalous -partially inferior ovary -fruit is aggregate, paired follicles joined at the center, seems unfused

Zanthoxylum americanum

-shrub? 'prickly ash' -stem w paired spines (modified leaflets) at leaf base -crenate margin with pellucid dots (oils) -cluster of flowers (dioecious) -fruit is red capsule -'zanthoxylum' means yellow wood (dye from roots)

Quercus macrocarpa

-deciduous tree -leaves are adaxially dark green and glabrous while abaxially pale and densely tomentose (stellate (star-like) hairs) -dimorphic, monoecious flowers: staminate flowers are yellow apetalous catkins while pistillate flowers are spikes covered in involucre bracts with red styles -fruit are nuts (acorns)

Cyperus squarrosus

-clump-forming herb -basal, glabrous stem -spikelet: flower of Cyperaceae -rachilla: stalk of central spikelet -fruit is 3-sided achene

Sparganium eurycarpum

-tall herb w/ erect stem -leaves w/ triangular cross sections -inflorescences are spherical heads w/ monoecious, wind-pollinated flowers -staminate = apetalous; pistillate = larger and below staminate flowers to make self-reproduction easier -fruit is an aggregate of pyramidal achenes

Butomus umbellatus

-aquatic, rhizomatous herb -3-sided leaves -inflorescence of umbels (flower above water) -fruit are clustered follicles w/ long beaks

Decodon verticillatus

-tristylous -pedicels longer than hypanthia -calyx is persistent -dehiscent capsule; spongy tissue in outer seed coat for water dispersal -'verticillatus' = whorled

Diphasiastrum digitatum

-evergreen terrestrial, 'ground cedars' -microphyllous leaves in 4 ranks (1 vertical, 2 lateral, and 1 ventral) -microphylls (the leaves) are fused but with free tips -pedunculate (not sessile, meaning it has stalks) inflorescence -yellow strobilus (cylindrical fertile cone bearing sporangia)

Sarracenia purpurea

-clump-forming, wetland herb (purple pitcherplant) -internal retrorse hairs to keep in prey -solitary inflorescence -fruit is a loculicidal capsule of 5 connately fused carpels

Andromeda polifolia var. latifolia

-evergreen shrub -leaves are coriaceous, glaucus, and have mucros at the apex -revolute (curling) margins -umbel w/ urceolate (urn-shaped) corollas -fruit is a loculicidal capsule

Larix laricina

-deciduous tree -platey bark and whorled branches -no umbo (pointy tip like pines) -ovoid cones, needles in clusters

Polypodium virginianum

-epilithic fern forming patches via long-creeping rhizomes -scales at base of stipe and abaxially on rachis -pinnatifid fronds -sorus near apex; exindusiate (no indusium) sori w/ sporangiasters (non-reproductive stuff in the sorus)

Asplenium trichomanes

-lithophytic -short-creeping rhizome w/ clathrate scales -red stem -pinnae have free venation -monomorphic, sori linear along veins of pinna -indusium born on one side (towards leaf margin)

Asplenium rhizophyllum

-epilithic, patch-forming fern w/ proliferous buds on leaf tips -linear indusium, laterally attached -cordate fronds

Polystichum acrostichoides

-evergreen fern -clonal spreading through short-creeping rhizome -fronds w/ acroscopic auricles -hemidimorphic (distal pinnae of the frond are reproductive) -sori that merge to form an abaxial mat of sporangia -peltate (donut-like) indusium

Dryopteris intermedia

-evergreen fern -brown scales and glandular hairs -basal basiscopic pinnules will be shorter than ones before -reniform (bean-shaped) indusium

Dryopteris marginalis

-epilithic fern -scales at petiole base -reniform indusium -sori on the margins/edges of the leaflets