Thermodynamics

the branch of physics studying energy and energy transformations

First law of thermodynamics

the law stating energy cannot be created or destroyed only transferred or transformed

Second law of thermodynamics

the law stating energy transformations increase disorder

Entropy

the disorder of the universe

Kinetic energy

energy of motion including light and heat

Potential energy

stored energy including chemical energy in glucose and ATP

ATP

a nucleotide molecule that stores usable cellular energy

Phosphate groups

the three negatively charged groups attached to ATP

Ribose

the pentose sugar in ATP

Adenine

the nitrogenous base in ATP

Breathing

the physical intake of oxygen and release of carbon dioxide

Cellular respiration

a series of reactions that produce ATP from glucose

Aerobic respiration

cellular respiration that uses oxygen and produces about 36 net ATP

Anaerobic respiration

cellular respiration without oxygen producing 2 net ATP

Photosynthesis

the process that uses CO2 water and light to produce glucose and oxygen

Cellular respiration

the process that uses glucose and oxygen to produce CO2 water and ATP

Redox reaction

a reaction involving the movement of electrons

Oxidation

the loss of electrons

Reduction

the gain of electrons

Reducing agent

the molecule that donates electrons

Oxidizing agent

the molecule that accepts electrons

Oil Rig

mnemonic meaning oxidation is loss reduction is gain

Oxidative phosphorylation

ATP production during redox reactions in the electron transport chain

Substrate level phosphorylation

ATP production during an enzymatic reaction

Glycolysis

the splitting of glucose into two pyruvates producing 2 ATP and 2 NADH

Bridge reaction

the conversion of pyruvate into acetyl CoA producing CO2 and NADH

Krebs cycle

the mitochondrial cycle that produces CO2 ATP NADH and FADH2

Electron transport chain

the mitochondrial membrane system that uses electrons to make ATP

Pyruvate

the three carbon product of glycolysis

Net ATP of glycolysis

two ATP

NADH from glycolysis

two NADH

Energy investment phase

the part of glycolysis that uses 2 ATP

Energy payoff phase

the part of glycolysis that produces 4 ATP

NAD+

an electron carrier that becomes reduced to NADH

NADH

a reduced electron carrier that donates electrons to the ETC

FADH2

an electron carrier produced in the Krebs cycle

Acetyl CoA

the molecule formed from pyruvate entering the Krebs cycle

Coenzyme A

the molecule added to pyruvate to form acetyl CoA

Krebs cycle CO2

two CO2 per cycle

Krebs cycle ATP

one ATP per cycle

Krebs cycle NADH

three NADH per cycle

Krebs cycle FADH2

one FADH2 per cycle

Cristae

the folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane where the ETC occurs

Cytochrome complex

the series of proteins that pass electrons in the ETC

ATP synthase

the enzyme that produces ATP using hydrogen ion flow

Chemiosmosis

the movement of H+ through ATP synthase to make ATP

Final electron acceptor

oxygen

Water formation

the combination of electrons hydrogen ions and oxygen

ATP from NADH

three ATP per NADH

ATP from FADH2

two ATP per FADH2

Gross ATP from ETC

thirty four ATP

Net ATP from ETC

thirty two ATP

Total ATP per glucose

about thirty six to thirty eight ATP

Fermentation

the process following glycolysis when oxygen is absent

Alcohol fermentation

fermentation that produces ethanol CO2 and regenerates NAD+

Lactic acid fermentation

fermentation that produces lactate and regenerates NAD+

Ethanol

the alcohol produced by yeast during fermentation

Lactate

the acid produced by muscle cells during fermentation

NAD+ regeneration

the return of electrons from NADH during fermentation

Phosphofructokinase

the enzyme in glycolysis inhibited by high ATP or citrate

Citrate

a Krebs cycle molecule that inhibits phosphofructokinase

AMP

a molecule that stimulates phosphofructokinase