The department is the __form of administrative apparatus in the Executive Branch.

oldest

A bureau is the __unit of administration. Accordingly, the Executive Branch is referred to as the bureaucracy.

smallest

The traditional term for the head of a department is “__”, for the head of an agency is “_,” and for the head of a bureau is “__.”

secretary, director, chief

Today, the national government has __departments

15

The departments that the first Congress established arose for the purpose of accomplishing __functions of a national government:

inevitable

__, an elaboration of the Office of Attorney General, was established in 1870 to represent the national government in legal matters.

The Department of Justice

Presidents will usually confine their solicitation of advice from department heads to the secretaries of defense...__ because they are most likely to share the president’s concerns

heads of the functional departments

Cronin refers to those department heads as the president’s __, and to the heads of the __-oriented departments as the president’s outer cabinet, to indicate the president’s perception of the former as being a source of more useful advice

inner cabinet, clientele

Roosevelt created the__(EOP). The Bureau of the Budget (now the Office of Management and Budget) became the first component of the EOP.

Executive Office of the President

Each of the __ departments has a specific mission to carry out programs in its respective area.

15

The __has its purpose of helping presidents in their general management of the Executive Branch. The Office of Management and Budget help presidents to ensure that Executive Branch agencies are properly funded

EOP

Congress established a new multi-member decision-making body, which it called the __ (ICC).

Interstate Commerce Commission

__(IRCs)—multi-member bodies that would be independent of day-to-day presidential supervision.

independent regulatory commissions

reason the reputation of the IRCs deteriorated: During the 1950s, a body of literature in economics and political science arose that revealed the IRCs’ propensity to eventually do the bidding of the __ rather than to serve the public interest.

regulated industry

the theme of Congress’s and the public’s interest in regulation changed; instead of being principally concerned about prices, Congress and the public showed more concern about __

human issues