actor-observer bias
phenomenon of explaining other people’s behaviors are due to internal factors and our own behaviors are due to situational forces
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| actor-observer bias | phenomenon of explaining other people’s behaviors are due to internal factors and our own behaviors are due to situational forces |
| ageism | prejudice and discrimination toward individuals based solely on their age |
| aggression | seeking to cause harm or pain to another person |
| altruism | humans’ desire to help others even if the costs outweigh the benefits of helping |
| Asch effect | group majority influences an individual’s judgment, even when that judgment is inaccurate |
| attitude | evaluations of or feelings toward a person, idea, or object that are typically positive or negative |
| attribution | explanation for the behavior of other people |
| bullying | a person, often an adolescent, being treated negatively repeatedly and over time |
| bystander effect | situation in which a witness or bystander does not volunteer to help a victim or person in distress |
| central route persuasion | logic-driven arguments using data and facts to convince people of an argument’s worthiness |
| cognitive dissonance | psychological discomfort that arises from a conflict in a person’s behaviors, attitudes, or beliefs that runs counter to one’s positive self-perception |
| collectivist culture | culture that focuses on communal relationships with others such as family, friends, and community |
| companionate love | type of love consisting of intimacy and commitment, but not passion; associated with close friendships and family relationships |
| confederate | person who works for a researcher and is aware of the experiment, but who acts as a participant; used to manipulate social situations as part of the research design |
| confirmation bias | seeking out information that supports our stereotypes while ignoring information that is inconsistent with our stereotypes |
| conformity | when individuals change their behavior to go along with the group even if they do not agree with the group |
| consummate love | type of love occurring when intimacy, passion, and commitment are all present |
| cyberbullying | repeated behavior that is intended to cause psychological or emotional harm to another person and that takes place online |
| diffusion of responsibility | tendency for no one in a group to help because the responsibility to help is spread throughout the group |
| discrimination | negative actions toward individuals as a result of their membership in a particular group |
| dispositionism | describes a perspective common to personality psychologists, which asserts that our behavior is determined by internal factors, such as personality traits and temperament |
| empathy | capacity to understand another person’s perspective—to feel what they feel |
| foot-in-the-door technique | persuasion of one person by another person, encouraging a person to agree to a small favor, or to buy a small item, only to later request a larger favor or purchase of a larger item |
| fundamental attribution error | tendency to overemphasize internal factors as attributions for behavior and underestimate the power of the situation |
| group polarization | strengthening of the original group attitude after discussing views within the group |
| groupthink | group members modify their opinions to match what they believe is the group consensus |
| homophily | tendency for people to form social networks, including friendships, marriage, business relationships, and many other types of relationships, with others who are similar |
| homophobia | prejudice and discrimination against individuals based solely on their sexual orientation |
| hostile aggression | aggression motivated by feelings of anger with intent to cause pain |
| in-group | group that we identify with or see ourselves as belonging to |
| in-group bias | preference for our own group over other groups |
| individualistic culture | culture that focuses on individual achievement and autonomy |
| informational social influence | conformity to a group norm prompted by the belief that the group is competent and has the correct information |
| instrumental aggression | aggression motivated by achieving a goal and does not necessarily involve intent to cause pain |
| internal factor | internal attribute of a person, such as personality traits or temperament |
| just-world hypothesis | ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve |
| justification of effort | theory that people value goals and achievements more when they have put more effort into them |
| normative social influence | conformity to a group norm to fit in, feel good, and be accepted by the group |
| obedience | change of behavior to please an authority figure or to avoid aversive consequences |
| out-group | group that we don’t belong to—one that we view as fundamentally different from us |
| peripheral route persuasion | one person persuades another person; an indirect route that relies on association of peripheral cues (such as positive emotions and celebrity endorsement) to associate positivity with a message |
| persuasion | process of changing our attitude toward something based on some form of communication |
| prejudice | negative attitudes and feelings toward individuals based solely on their membership in a particular group |
| prosocial behavior | voluntary behavior with the intent to help other people |
| racism | prejudice and discrimination toward individuals based solely on their race |
| reciprocity | give and take in relationships |
| romantic love | type of love consisting of intimacy and passion, but no commitment |
| scapegoating | act of blaming an out-group when the in-group experiences frustration or is blocked from obtaining a goal |
| script | person’s knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting |
| self-disclosure | sharing personal information in relationships |
| self-fulfilling prophecy | treating stereotyped group members according to our biased expectations only to have this treatment influence the individual to act according to our stereotypic expectations, thus confirming our stereotypic beliefs |
| self-serving bias | tendency for individuals to take credit by making dispositional or internal attributions for positive outcomes and situational or external attributions for negative outcomes |
| sexism | prejudice and discrimination toward individuals based on their sex |
| situationism | describes a perspective that behavior and actions are determined by the immediate environment and surroundings; a view promoted by social psychologists |
| social exchange theory | humans act as naïve economists in keeping a tally of the ratio of costs and benefits of forming and maintain a relationship, with the goal to maximize benefits and minimize costs |
| social loafing | exertion of less effort by a person working in a group because individual performance cannot be evaluated separately from the group, thus causing performance decline on easy tasks |
| social norm | group’s expectations regarding what is appropriate and acceptable for the thoughts and behavior of its members |
| social psychology | field of psychology that examines how people impact or affect each other, with particular focus on the power of the situation |
| social role | socially defined pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group |
| stanford prison experiment | Stanford University conducted an experiment in a mock prison that demonstrated the power of social roles, social norms, and scripts |
| stereotype | specific beliefs or assumptions about individuals based solely on their membership in a group, regardless of their individual characteristics |
| triangular theory of love | model of love based on three components: intimacy, passion, and commitment; several types of love exist, depending on the presence or absence of each of these components |