Taxon

groups of organisms like family, species, class

Clade

any branch or lineage (lines in cladogram)

taxonomy

science of classifying organisms into taxa

classification from broad to specific

Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

who came up with the binomial nomenclature?

Carl Linnaeus

What are the two names that make up binomial nomeclature?

genus and species

Homologous traits

similar structure, different function

three domains

Eukaryote, Archaea, Eubacteria

four kingdoms

animalia, Protists, fungi, plantae

halophiles

Achaea bacteria that love salinity

bacteria unique features

Eubacteria have nucleoid (no true nucleus) Have a capsule

Analogous trait

Different structure, similar function

how do bacteria reproduce?

binary fusion/split in half/asexual

what is the phylum of bacteria that are autotroph

cyanobacteria

autotroph

makes their own food, typically with sunlight (photoautotrophs)

three common shapes of bacteria

cocci, bacillus, spirilli

What is a virus composed of?

DNA or RNA and Capsid

Why do we know viruses are not alive?

Cannot reproduce on their own, need a living host to reproduce Lack metabolism Noncellular

Do viruses cross well between species?

Not usually; they are species-specific

Lytic cycle

attach, penetrate, copy, and leave

Lysogenic cycle

attach, penetrate DNA, goes dormant, and then host cell reads DNA, copies virus, and explodes

What is a retrovirus?

starts with RNA and reverse transcripts to DNA once inside the host cell; hard to pinpoint this virus

Viroids

naked strands of RNA, affects plants

PRIONS

a misfolded protein that is infectious; misfolds other proteins

Endosymbiotic theory

Aerobic bacteria became mitochondria, Cyanobacteria became chloroplasts

Green algae are ____

Protists

Example of green algae

Chlamydomonas, Spirogyra, volvox

What is agar?

red algae: used as culture medium/petri dish

What causes red tide?

Overabundance of Dinoflagellates due to increased fertilizer in the water

Diatoms

single celled Protist with Silica shell

Commercial product example of Diatoms

Sound muffling, pesticides

animal-like protist

amoeba, Trypanosoma, Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, Paramecium

What diseases come from Trypanosoma?

Kissing disease and Chagus disease

What disease comes from Plasmodium?

Malaria

What disease comes from Toxoplasma?

Toxoplasmosis; comes from cat feces

Fungi-like protist

Water mold,

Paramecium and amoeba have what special organelle?

Contractile vacuole that regular osmosis

Stigma

structure in protists: a red-eye spot that detects light or dark

Pyrenoid

Structure in protists: starch synthesis

Thallus

body of fungi (made up of a bunch of mycelium)

What domain is a fungi?

Eukaryote

How does a fungi eat?

Saprotrophic: release digestive enzymes outside of their body and then the nutrients are absorbed

What is different about fungi cell wall?

contains Chitin

What is the body of fungi made up of?

mycelium (the reproductive structure)

What is myecelium made up of?

Hyphae

Phylum of Fungi

Basidiomycetes (classic mushroom) Ascomycetes Yeast Zygomycetes

Yeast reproduce by ____

Budding (asexual reproduction)

Example of Zygomycetes

Black bread mold

Group of fungi that can have a symbiotic relationship with plants

Mycorrhizae

Lichen

symbiotic relationship between a fungi and cyanobacteria or green algae

Types of Lichen

Fruticose Crustose Foliose

Fruticose lichen

shrub-like

Crustose lichen

bare rocks or tree bark

Foliose lichen

leaf-like

What fungi have the relationship with plant roots?

AM fungi

Characteristics of Kingdom Plantae

Photoautotroph Cellulose in cell wall Multi-celled

Bryophyte

short, close to the ground, avascular

Moss, liverwort, and horn wort

Bryophytes

Archegonium

female reproductive structure in simpler plants like moss

Antheridium

male reproductive structure in simpler plants like moss

Lycophyte

vascular

Monilophyte

megaphylls: large, vascular leaves

what are the large leaves called in monilophyte?

Fronds

Where are the spores made on a fern?

Sori

Examples of Monilophyte

Horsetail, whisk fern

Gymnosperms

vascular, leaves, and naked seeds

Example of Gymnosperms

Gingkoes, Conifer, Cycads

Angiosperms

Vascular, seeds, flowers and fruit, double fertilization

Why do angiosperms produce fruit?

Double fertilization

Benefit of fruit

Better way to distribute the seeds

Why do Angiosperms have flowers?

to attract pollinators

Monocot

Parallel vascularity, Fibrous root, herbaceous stem, flower parts in 3s

Dicots

flower parts in 4-5+, woody or herbaceous stems, net-like vascularity, taproot

Examples of monocot

corn

Examples of Dicot

sunflower

Which type of plants would be vascular and have seeds?

Gymnosperms and Angiosperms

Which types of plants are vascular?

Lycophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperms, Monilophytes

What does it mean to call something a hardwood tree?

Tree grows in rings, gets wider (secondary growth) the inner rings are referred to as hardwood

examples of hardwood trees

Oak, birch

Cuticle

waxy layer on the leaf

Xylem

transports water and minerals from ground to the leaves for photosynthesis

Phloem

sugar-water, goes anywhere the plant needs sugar

Palisade Mesophyll cells

just below the upper epidermis in leaf structure; elongated cells

spongy Mesophyll cells

under the palisade mesophylls cells; most of the photsynthesis occurs here

Auxin

hormone that prevents the growth of axillary buds

phototropism

growth due to sunlight; positive (towards) and negative (away from)

Gibberellins

used commercially to induce growth in crops, can break dromancy in buds

cytokinins

used to prolong the life of flower cuttings as well as vegetables in storage; low levels cause the leaves to die in Autumn

Abscisic acid

initiates and maintains seed and bud dormancy; stress hormone

Ethylene

ripens fruit, suppress stem and root elongation,

simplest form of animalia

Phylum Porifera (Sponge)

Thigmotropism

Unusual growth due to contact with solid objects

example of thigmotropism

Coiling of tendrils

Thigmomorphogenesis

entire plant responds to the presence of environmental stimuli (wind/rain)

what is a fruit?

the mature ovary of the plant

Gravitropism

When a plant is placed on its side, the stem grows upward, opposite of the pull of gravity

nastic movements are ___ dependent on stimulus direction

NOT dependent

Animal exhibiting asymmetry

Sponge

Diploblast

Two layers with mesoglia

Phylum example of Diploblastic animals

Cnidarians

Symmetry of Cnidarians

radial

Do cnidarians have a nerve system?

Yes

Triploblast

Ectoderm, Mesoderm, and Endoderm

Phylum Annelida examples

Earthworm and leeches

Phylum Platyhelminthes examples

Trematoda, Cestoda, Turbellaria

What two examples of Platyhelminthes are parasitic?

Fluke (trematoda) Tapeworm (Cestoda)

Phylum Nematoda examples

Pinworms

3 parts of Mollusca

Mantle Visceral Mass Foot

3 classes in Phylum Mollusca

Gastropod, Bivalvia, Cephalopoda

4 classes in Phylum Arthropoda

Crustaceans, Myriapoda, Hexapoda, Chelicerata (horseshoe crab)

Spicule

protective needle in sponges

Nematocyst

harpoon in Cnidarians

Cnidocyte

the whole cell that holds the nematocyst

Example of animal in Phylum Echinoderms

Sea Star, sea urchin

Which phylum has chitin?

Arthropoda

4 characteristics of phylum Chordata

1. Notochord 2. Dorsal Hollow Nerve chord 3. Pharyngeal pouches 4. Postanal Tail

Which part of the heart keeps the beat in rhythm?

SA Node (Pacemaker)

Cells in the Adaptive immunity system

T-cells and B-cells

Makes memory cells in immunity

T-cells and B-cells

B-cells create _____

Antibodies

What is the thickest part of the heart?

Left Ventricle

Natural ways to give antibodies

Breastfeeding

Active way to make antibodies

get sick and makes antibodies

Artificial passive way to get antibodies

Monoclonal antibodies; antibodies given to you from someone else

Artificial active ways to get antibodies

Vaccine: you make antibodies because you were injected with the virus

What does the hypothalamus do?

Sends signals to the Pituitary gland; brain part that controls the endocrine system

Thyroid is important for ____

metabolism

Adrenal glands are responsible for releasing _____

stress response hormones

T-cells mature in the ____

Thymus

Master control of homeostasis

endocrine system/Thymus

If your pancreas were to stop working, what body systems would suffer?

Digestive and endocrine

Where do b-cells mature?

in the bone marrow

Rest and digest system

Parasympathetic

Fight or flight system

Sympathetic

Veins

carry blood towards the heart

Arteries

carry blood away from the heart

what is a Capsid?

protein sub-units

most poisonous genus of mushroom

Amanita