The skeletal system is made up of two types of connective tissue:

Cartilage and bone.

Osteocytes

The functional cells of the bone.

Bone is a type of:

Connective tissue that maintains and repair themselves throughout life.

Intercellular Materials

Material the is found in the bone becomes hardened by the deposit of calcium and other mineral salts. This starts at infancy and ends at adulthood, when bones are formed.

Ossification

The process of bone formation.

Compact Bone

The outer layer (shell) of a bone that is very dense and is made up of Haversian Systems.

Haversian Systems

Intricate structural arrangements of circular rings made up of tissue containing bone cells, hardened intercellular substances, and a bast number of minute canals for blood vessels.

Cancellous Bone

The "spongy", porous, interior part of the bone that contains the red bone marrow of the bone.

Red Bone Marrow

Responsible for the manufacturing of red blood cells.

Periosteum

Tough, outer membrane that covers bones.

Diaphysis

The shaft of the bone.

Epiphysis

The ends of the bone.

Articular Cartilage

Provides covering and cushioning for the ends of bones where they form a joint.

Medullary Canal

Inner cavity which contains yellow bone marrow.

Five Basic Functions of Bones:

Support, Protection, Movement, Storage, and Hemopoiesis.

Homeopoiesis

The manufacture of blood cells which occurs primarily in the red bone marrow of the body.

Sinus

Air cavity within a bone.

Canal of Meatus

A tunnel-like passageway or opening in a bone.

Condyle

Smooth, or curved, articular surface on a bone.

Crest

A prominent ridge on a bone.

Epicondyle

Prominence just above a condyle.

Fissure

A narrow slit or groove in a bone.

Fontanel

Temporarily unossified area between the cranial bones in an infant.

Foramen

A hole in a bone.

Head

Ball-like articular projection on a bone.

Process

Any prominent projection or outgrowth of bone.

Septum

A wall or partition which divides a body cavity.

Tubercle

Bump or elevation on a bone.

Classified Bones

Bones that are always present in the normal human body.

Unclassified Bones

Additional bones in the body that may or may not be present in a given individual.

Sutural Bones

Small, chip like pieces of bones sometimes found between cranial bones. The sutures are the points in which the cranial bones meet.

Sesamoid Bones

Small bones resembling a sesame seed which can occasionally be found embedded in tendons.

Axial

Made up of 80 bones that contains the skull, hyoid bone, vertebrae, and thorax.

Appendicular

Made up of 126 bones that contains the upper extremities (pectoral girdle) and the lower extremities (pectoral girdle).

Cranium (8 Bones) Contains:

Frontal Bone, Parietal Bones (2), Temporal Bones (2), Occipital Bone, Sphenoid Bone, and the Ethmoid Bone.

Frontal Bone

Forms the forehead area, the front and top of the cranium, and the upper part of the eye sockets.

Parietal Bones

Forms the majority of the upper sides and top of the cranium.

Temporal Bones

Forms the lower sides of the cranium, basically surrounding the ears.

Occipital Bone

Makes up the lower back part of the cranium.

Sphenoid Bone

Makes up the floor of the cranial cavity, the back of the eye sockets, and part of the temporal area. It is known as the "bat-shaped" bone.

Ethmoid Bone

An irregular shaped bone which helps make up the floor of the cranial cavity, part of the eye socket, and the upper part of the nasal cavity.

The Face (14) Contains:

Nasal Bones (2), Lacrimal Bones (2), Vomer Bone, Zygomatic Bones (2), Palatine Bones (2), Maxillary Bones (2), Mandible Bones, and the Inferior Nasal Concha (2).

Nasal Bones

Two small bones making up the bridge of the nose.

Lacrimal Bones

Located in the anterior, medial portion of the eye sockets.

Vomer Bone

Located in the midline in the base of the nasal cavity. Helps to form the nasal septum, which is the wall that divides the nasal cavity into the left and right parts.

Zygomatic Bones (Malar Bones)

Cheek bones that help to form the eye sockets.

Palatine Bones

Two small bones which help to form the posterior part of the roof of the mouth and form the palate.

Maxillary Bones

Upper jaw bones referred to as the maxilla.

Mandible

The lower jawbone.

Auditory Ossicles

Three pairs of tiny ear bones that are located in the middle of the bone; Malleus, Incus, and Stapes.

Hyoid Bone

Horeshoe shaped bone located in the cervical region just above the voice box. It serves as a point of attachment for several muscles involved in the tongue, mouth, and throat.

The spine is made up of:

26 individual bones that are similar in their basic structure, but have differences in size, shape, and level of movement.

Vertebrae (26) can be divided into 5 groups:

Cervical (C1-C7), Thoracic (T1-T12), Lumbar (L1-L5), Sacrum, and the Coccyx.

Cervical Vertebral Bones

Comprised of the upper seven bones of the spinal column.

Atlas (C1)

The most superior of the neck bones; it articulates with the occipital bone, the base of the skull rest on the Atlas.

Axis (C2)

Vertebrae bone resting below the Atlas; it articulates with the Atlas and allows a pivoting action, enabling the head to be turned from side to side.

Thoracic Vertebral Bones

Comprised of twelve vertebrae bones inferior to the cervical bones; they make up the upper back area.

Lumbar Vertebral Bones

Comprised of five vertebrae bones located inferior to the thoracic bones; they are in the lower back area.

Sacrum

A single vertebrae bone located inferior to the lumbar bones. It is a result of the fusion of five separate vertebrae bones in a developing child.

Coccyx

The most inferior of the vertebrae bones sometimes called the "tail bone." It is also formed by the fusion of several separate bones in the developmental process.

Sternum

Also known as the breastbone, it is a single bone in the chest area made up of three parts.

Ribs

There are twelve pairs of these in the human body and are divided into three segments.

True Ribs

Upper seven pairs of ribs which articulate directly with the sternum.

False Ribs

Bottom five pairs of ribs which do not attach directly to the sternum. Some of them (8, 9, and 10) have cartilages which attach directly to the rib above the anterior plane.

Floating Ribs

Ribs 11 and 12 which have no anterior cartilages.

The Upper Extremities / Pectoral Girdle is made up of...

64 bones.

The Lower Extremities / Pelvic Girdle is made up of...

62 bones.

Arthology

The study of articulation.

Articulation

Is a point of union between two bones or cartilage and bone.

Synarthrosis

An immovable articulation.

Amphirarthoris

Slightly moveable articulation, allowing a small amount of movement at the joint. There is often a piece of specialized cartilage separating the two bones.

Diarthrosis

Freely moveable articulation that allows significant movement. It usually has a sleeve or capsule surrounding the joint.

Ligaments

Tough bands of fibrous connective tissue that serve to stabilize a diarthrotic joint, connect bone to bone, and restrict movement occurring in the wrong direction.

Bursae

Small fluid-filled sacs that provide additional cushioning and a reduction in friction to areas of the body where a lot of movement occurs.