Prokaryotic

lack a nucleus (have circular DNA) and organelles; have ribosomes; include bacteria

Eukaryotic

contain membrane-bound nucleus organelles; include animals, plants, and fungi

Mitochondria

use oxygen from the air and glucose from food to produce ATP energy, releasing CO2 as a byproduct.

plasma membrane

contains two layers of phospholipids, called a phospholipid bilayer.

Passive transport –

– energy is not required (diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis), moves with concentration gradient until equilibrium is reached

facilitated diffusion,

proteins act as carriers to move materials across the plasma membrane.

Osmosis

is the diffusion of water towards areas of high solute (sugar, salts, dissolved molecules) concentration.

Tonicity

measure the amount of solute in a solution

Isotonic solutions

same solute concentration inside as outside, no net change

Hypotonic solutions

lower solute concentration outside than inside, net movement of water into cell

Hypertonic solutions

higher solute concentration outside than inside, net movement of water out of cell

Active transport

energy is required, impermeable molecules or movement against concentration gradient

Bulk transport

uses special vesicles to move large quantities at the same time (phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor- mediated endocytosis)

Endocytosis

movement into the cell (importing

Exocytosis

movement out of the cell (exporting

Pinocytosis

– movement of liquid into cell