Treaty of Versailles —
The 1919 peace treaty that ended World War I with Germany. Important terms included war guilt, reparations, territorial losses, and limits on German military power. (Know consequences and how Germans reacted.)
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Treaty of Versailles — | The 1919 peace treaty that ended World War I with Germany. Important terms included war guilt, reparations, territorial losses, and limits on German military power. (Know consequences and how Germans reacted.) |
| Self-determination — | The idea, promoted by Woodrow Wilson, that ethnic groups should have the right to form their own nations. Applied unevenly after WWI; it influenced mandates in the Middle East. |
| Mandates | (League of Nations mandates) — Territories taken from defeated Central Powers and administered by Allied powers (e.g., Britain, France) under League supervision (e.g., former Ottoman lands like Iraq, Palestine, Syria, Lebanon). |
| Lost Generation — | A group of writers and artists after WWI characterized by disillusionment and criticism of prewar values (examples: F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway). Their work shows cynicism about war and society. |
| Surrealism / Dada — | Artistic movements responding to postwar disillusionment. Dada was anti-art, satirical and chaotic. Surrealism explored the unconscious and dream imagery (e.g., Salvador Dalí). |
| Hyperinflation (Weimar Germany) -- | Rapid, extreme inflation in Germany after WWI that made money virtually worthless and damaged savings and the economy. |
| Spanish Influenza (1918–1919) — | Global pandemic that caused enormous civilian deaths — a major demographic and social consequence around the end of WWI. |
| Weimar Republic — | German democratic government formed after WWI; it faced political instability, economic crises, and resentment over Versailles. |
| Armenian Genocide — | The mass killing and forced deportation of Armenians by the Ottoman government during World War I (discussed in documents and primary-source letters). Consider causes, methods, and outcomes. |
| Russian Revolutions (1917) — | February/March revolution toppled the tsarist regime; October/November Bolshevik Revolution brought Lenin and the Bolsheviks to power and eventually civil war (Red vs. White). Outcomes: creation of a communist/authoritarian state. |
| Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk) and Turkish Republic — | After the Ottoman collapse, Mustafa Kemal led nationalists who established the Republic of Turkey and implemented reforms. |
| Red Scare (U.S.) — | Postwar fear of communism; government actions like Palmer Raids targeted radicals; influenced politics and civil liberties in the U.S. |
| Stock Market Crash (1929) and Great Depression — | A financial collapse that triggered a global economic downturn with massive unemployment and political consequences. |
| The Armenian Genocide occurred within a context of | wartime paranoia, nationalism, and policies of removal and dispossession — primary sources (soldier’s letter, decrees) provide direct evidence. |