1) Aristotle's 4 causes

1)material 2)formal 3)effcient 4)final

Material cause

what something is comprised of

Formal cause

the nature of something expressed in its definition

Efficient cause

the source of change

Final cause

state of completion, no further unrealized capacity

2)Potential, actuality, and change

Potential, actuality, and change

Potential

unrealized capacity

Actuality

realized capacity

Change

transition from potential to actuality

3) What exists by nature vs other causes

what exists by nature is living causes are not

4) Why formal cause is needed for final

to understand purpose you need to understand nature and it has a chain of causes so there must be a first cause to start the series

5) The good defintion

that of which what everything aims toward

6)Cheif good as self sufficient

it is desired for itself and makes it worthy of choice and lacking in nothing

7)What is happiness and why is it not reducible to pleasure

happiness means we are living well and acting well in accordance to reason and virtue, it is not reducible to please because pleasure is temporary and can be pursued badly

8) How is virtue of character acquired

not through nature but habituation, choosing the right pleasures and avoiding the right pains

9)Why is virtue a state

in a sense of a habitual disposition, a result of our choices and we can be blamed for our choices

10) Virtue allows characteristic activity well

guiding her to use reason correctly and make good choices

10) example:

courage allows someone to face danger rationally instead of recklessly

11) Virtue is a matter of hitting a mean

virtue is the mean between excess and deficiency

12) Virtue concerned with pleasure and pain

virtuous people take pleasure in good actions and pain in bad actions

13) Aquinas on perfect happiness and God,premise 1

premise 1: humans desire naturally complete happiness

13) Aquinas on perfect happiness and God,premise 2

premise 2: finite things cannot fully satisfy this desire

13) Aquinas on perfect happiness and God, conclusion

conclusion: therefore, perfect happiness comes only from knowing god

14) Aquinia first proof , premise 1

premise 1: things in the world are in motion

14) Aquinia first proof , premise 2

premise 2:whatever is moved is moved by another

14) Aquinia first proof , premise 3

premise 3:there cannot be an infinite regress of movers

14) Aquinia first proof , conclusion

therefore there must be a first unmoved mover called god

15) something cannot be potential and actual in the same way

something cannot both posses and lack in the same feature at the same time in the same respect

16) Why infinite regress is impossible, accidentally ordered series

earlier causes dont need to continue existing for later causes to exist

16) Why infinite regress is impossible, essentially ordered series

later causes depend of first cause existing now

16) Why infinite regress is impossible

an infinite regress is impossible in essentially ordered series because without a first cause no other causes can act

17) Impossible for something to cause itself

a thing would have to exist before it existed which is impossible

18)No sense to ask what caused god

god is pure actuality and first uncaused cause, god doesn't require a cause

19)"One delight" in Book II

to love and to be loved

20)Stole the pears as an act of evil

Augustine stole the pears because he loved his own wrongdoing

21) Why Augustine wouldnt steal alone

he loved the companionship of those whom he sinned with

22) Faith as a cure for the minds eyes

so they can see the truth clearly

23) Not believing certain things we would never act

Humans must trust and believe things in order to guide their actions

24)How faith helps recognize happiness

Faith helps a person detach from false earthly pleasures and become oriented toward God, allowing them to recognize true happiness when they encounter it.

25) Nebridius against Manichaeism

if evil could oppose god equally then god would not have unlimited power therefore his argument is false

26) Augustine argument that evil is nothing, premise1

premise 1:everything that exists is good insofar as it exists

26) Augustine argument that evil is nothing, premise2

premise 2: evil is not a thing but a lack of good

26) Augustine argument that evil is nothing, conclusion

therefore evil isnt a real substance but rather an absence of good

27) What is the problem of evil

if god is all good and all powerful then why does evil exist

28) Why is god permitting evil

greater good can come from it and it contributes to the order of the universe

29) Cold used to explain evil

cold is not a thing itself it is the lac of heat likewise how evil is not a thing but rather the lack of good