Excavation
is always important part of the Construction Works & Mining, Excavation of Building & Bridge Foundations, Trenching for Buried Pipelines & Electrical Poles, Tunneling, etc.
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Excavation | is always important part of the Construction Works & Mining, Excavation of Building & Bridge Foundations, Trenching for Buried Pipelines & Electrical Poles, Tunneling, etc. |
| TRENCH EXCAVATION | A narrow excavation where the depth of a trench is greater than its width, and the width measured at the bottom is not greater than 15 ft. |
| HAZARD IN EXCAVATION | Caused by Contact w/above & under Ground Pipes and Cables, by falls of equipment and person, by persons being struck by excavating equipment, and by hazardous atmosphere. |
| LIST OF HAZARD IN EXCAVATION | - UTILITIES - SURFACE ENCUMBRANCES - ACCESS/EGRESS - VEHICLE TRAFFIC - MOBILE EQUIPMENT - HAZARDOUS ATMOSPHERE - VENTILATION - WATER ACCUMULATIONS - ADJACENT STRUCTURES - Cave-In |
| TYPES OF SOILS COLLAPSE | o General zone of exposure o Rotation o Spoil Pile Slide o Side Wall Shear o Slough-in (Cave-in) |
| OSH REQUIREMENTS | UNDERGROUND UTILITIES EXPERIENCED SUPERVISOR SITE INSPECTION PUBLIC PROTECTION & TRAFFIC CONTROL PROVISION FOR ACCESS/ EGRESS PROVISION FOR BARRICADES LOCATION OF EXCAVATED MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT Shoring and Timbering PROTECTION SYSTEMS |
| SLOPE | involves cutting back the trench wall at an angle inclined away from the excavation |
| Sloping requirements | Workers shall not enter any excavation over 4 ft in depth unless the sides are sloped to a safe angle. No slop can be steeper than 3 ft. hor. to 4 ft. vertical |
| BENCHING | protecting workers from cave-ins by excavating the sides of an excavation to form one or a series of horizontal levels or steps, usually with vertical or near vertical surfaces between levels |
| SHORING | Is a support system design to keep the side of an excavation in caving in. |
| Sheet Piling | form of driven piling using thin interlocking sheets of steel to obtain a continuous barrier in the ground. |
| Shielding | means to protects workers by using trench boxes or other types of supports to prevent soil cave-ins |
| SITE INSPECTION | o Prior, During & After Activity o Existing Utilities o Hazardous Atmospheres o Excavations o Protective Systems for possible cave-in o Access and Egress o Weather o PPE |
| CONTRIBUTARY FACTORS IN EXCAVATION COLLAPSE | - Water (i.e., rain, natural ground water, near the water sources)! - Improper sloping technique! - improper impoundment of excavated soil! - Wrong parking of heavy equipment, machines & vehicles! - Improper barricade, light, sign, etc. - No regular monitoring or inspection! - No adequate training! |
| DEPARTMENT ORDER NO. 198 Series of 2018 | - “IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATIONS OF REPUBLIC ACT NO. 11058 ENTITLED “AN A STRENGTHENING COMPLIANCE WITH OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS AND PROVIDING PENALTIES FOR VIOLATIONS THEREOF” |
| Blind Area | - The Area Aroundthe Vehicle or Piece of Construction Equipment that is NOT VISIBLEto the Operator, either by direct Line of Sight or indirectly by use of Internal and External Mirrors. |
| Crane | Type of Machine, generally Equipped with a Hoist Rope, Wire Ropes or Chains, and Sheaves. |
| Mobile Crane | consists of a steel truss or Telescopic Boom Mounted on a Mobile Platform, which could be a rail, wheeled, or even on a cat truck. |
| Telescopic Crane | offer a boom that consists of a number of tubes fitted one inside of the other. A Hydraulic Mechanism Extends or Retracts the tubes to increase or decrease the length of the boom |
| Heavy Equipment | Any Machine with Engine or Electric Motor as Prime Mover, with minimum Operating Weight & Horsepower Rating of 1,000 Kilogram & 10 HP respectively. |
| o Dump Truck | Used for hauling of excavated dirt & rocks |
| o Bulldozer | Machinery for Leveling, Earth Moving & Clearing |
| o Excavator | Used for excavation & loading work by an extendible working device & rotating function, while main body of the machine remains stationary. |
| o Backhoe Loaders | Used to dig up hard, compact material, usually earth, or to lift heavy loads. |
| o Scrapers | a wheel tractor-scraper is a piece of heavy equipment used for earthmoving |
| o Crawler Loader | Used for Digging and Loading |
| o Motor Grader | A Long Blade used to Create a Flat Surface during the grading process. |
| o Roller | Compactor type vehicle used to compact soil, gravel, concrete or asphalt of roads and foundation |
| o Skid Steer Loader | Small, rigid-frame, engine-powered machine with lift arms used to attach a wide variety of labor-saving tools or attachments |
| o Pneumatic Breaker | machine-mounted demolition tool powered by compressed air, designed for breaking high-strength concrete, asphalt, rock, and pavement |
| Rough Terrain Crane | Mounted on an Undercarriage with Four Rubber Tires, designed for operations off road. |
| Truck Mounted Crane | Outriggers that extend vertically or horizontally are used to level and stabilize the crane during hoisting. |
| Overhead Crane | The Hoist is Set on a Trolley which will move in one direction along One or Two Beams, which move at angles to that direction along elevated or ground level tracks, often mounted along the side of an assembly area. |
| Harbour Crane | It is mostly used in Sea Ports to Unload or Load the Ships. |
| Self Erecting Tower Crane | Easily inserted on a site with Restricted Space in a short period of time. |
| Crawler Crane | moves it self with the help of tracks which is also called crawlers. |
| Rail Road Crane | used for the Construction of Railway lines, maintenance and for their repairing. |
| Aerial Crane | They are used mostly in that places where reaching by land is difficult. And as all of you know that Helicopters fly which means they are capable of reaching any place |
| Luffing Crane | for tall buildings on congested sites. They have a very short counterjib and a variable working radius, which permit high productivity in extremely narrow spaces. |
| Hammerhead Crane | They are especially reliable forprecise, accurate handling of a wide variety of heavy materials. |
| Tower Crane | a Vertical Metallic Structure having a Horizontal Boom that can Turn over an Angle up to 360° |
| Tower Crane Mast | Metal lattice structure with a Normally Square Section, whose main mission is to provide the Tower Crane with Sufficient Height and Joined by Screws. |
| Tower Crane Jib | Normally Triangular Section, whose main mission is to provide the Crane with the necessary Radius or Range |
| Tower Crane Counterweight | Stabilize the Crane Against its Own Weight, the weight it can transfer and the adverse environmental conditions. |
| Tower Crane Trolley | It consists of a Car that Moves along the Arrow through some lanes. |
| Tower Crane Hook & Cable | The Lifting Cable is one of the Most Delicate parts of the crane and, to give an Adequate Performance, it must be used and Maintained Correctly. |
| Tower Crane Slewing Ring | Drives the Rotational Movement of the Slewing unit (jib, counter-jib, cab, and tower top) |
| Operator Cabin | The movement of the crane is Controlled from the Operator’s Cabin. Within the cabin you’ll find the Operator’s Chair with Joystick Controls, Electronic Monitoring Devices and Communication Systems |
| Rigging & Lifting Safety | 1. Determine Who is Qualified, Competent, Designated, or Certified 2. Inspect Your Rigging Hardware 3. Inspect Your Lifting Slings 4. Select Rigging Gear Based on the Rating and Working Load Limit (WLL) 5. Determine the Total Load Weight Prior to the Lift 6. Determine the Proper Sling Type and Sling Hitch 7. Determine the Proper Sling Angle 8. Determine that the Load is Structurally Sound and Free of Obstructions 9. Find the Load’s Center of Gravity (COG) 10. Know Your Proximity to the Load 11. Account for Environmental Conditions 12. Check All Rigging Gear Has the Proper Identification and/or Markings |
| Shackles | U-shaped piece of metal secured with a clevis pin or bolt across the opening, or a hinged metal loop secured with a quick-release locking pin mechanism. |
| Master Rings / Links | Load suspension eyes are connectors used between the lifting hook and the load to be lifted |
| Lifting Hook | is a device for grabbing and lifting loads by means of a device such as a hoist or crane. |
| Chain Sling | Chain Sling Rigging Chain is produced in different grades. |
| Eye Bolt | An eye bolt is a bolt with a loop at one end. |