Motivation

The unconscious or conscious drive that gives purpose to behaviours that individuals initiate, direct and maintain.

Motive

The reason for an individual's behaviour

Deci & Ryan

2000

2000

Deci & Ryan

Sources of Motivation

Physiological Emotional Social Cognition

Maslow Year

1954, 1970

Growth Needs List (1970)

Cognitive Aesthetic Self-Actualisation Transcendence

Deficiency Needs List

Physiological Safety Love & Belonging Self-Esteem

What are growth needs?

Once met, act as motivation for people to continue fulfilling.

What are deficiency needs?

Once met, stop acting like a motivator. Basic needs people are motivated to fulfil due to their absence.

Maslow strengths

Gives a complete picture of how a healthy person develops. Important contribution to psychological understanding of personality.

Maslow limitations

Overly optimistic. Based on clinical work.

Deci & Ryan strengths

Empirical support. Increased generalisability as psychological needs are viewed as universal.

Deci & Ryan limitations

Culturally biased. Accessing intrinsic and extrinsic motivation is difficult.

Self-determination theory overview

Links personality, human motivation and optimal functioning where 2 types of motivation shape our identity and behaviours.

Motivation types

Extrinsic Intrinsic Amotivation

Extrinsic motivation

Desire for external rewards/in response to pressure

Intrinsic motivation

Inner desire for internal satisfaction/interest.

Psychological needs for motivation

Autonomy Competence Relatedness

What is autonomy?

The need to have control over one's own behaviours.

What is competence?

The need to gain mastery of skills and feel capable.

What is relatedness?

The need to feel connected to others and have a sense of belonging.

Self-determination continuum

Non-regulation External regulation Introjected regulation Identified regulation Integrated regulation Intrinsic regulation

Non-regulation

Complete lack

External regulation

Driven entirely by external consequence

Introjected regulation

Partially internal, to avoid shame or to feel worthy

Identified regulation

Recognising the personal importance of the behaviour to accept it as their own

Integrated regulation

Fully internalised and aligned with one's values and sense of self

Intrinsic regulation

Inner desire for internal satisfaction/interest

Wellbeing

a state of happiness and contentment, with low levels of distress, or good quality of life.

Diener

1984

What is Diener's model?

Subjective wellbeing model

Subjective wellbeing model overview

How individuals experience and evaluate their lives. Emotional reactions and cognitive judgements about life satisfaction.

Affect

The experience and outward expression of emotions

Aspects of subjective wellbeing model

Positive affect Negative affect Life satisfaction

What is positive affect?

Frequency and intensity of positive emotions and moods.

What is negative affect?

Frequency and intensity of negative emotions and moods.

What is life satisfaction?

Cognitive evaluation of one's overall life and specific life domains.

Strengths of subjective wellbeing model

Holistic approach that captures fuller picture of quality of life as it considers both emotional and cognitive evaluations of life. Predictive value where higher levels of subjective wellbeing is associated with numerous positive outcomes.

Limitations of subjective wellbeing model

Subjective and relies on self-report measures. May change over time due to life events/experiences.

Physiological Needs

Food. Water. Shelter. Sex.

Safety Needs

Stability. Order. Emotional stability to display authentic self, safe from chaos or threat.

Love and Belonging Needs

Giving love. Receiving love.

Esteem Needs

Self-esteem. Respect from others.

Cognitive Needs

Mental process of gaining knowledge through senses, personal experience and mental activity. With a goal to understand.

Aesthetic Needs

Human desire for beauty, order and harmony.

Self-Actualisation

The ultimate state of being all humans are striving to obtain. 10% able, 2-3% arrive.

3 characteristics of a self-actualised person

Perceive the world the way it is. Spontaneous. Deep interpersonal relationships with others.

Transcendence

Highest level of human consciousness where they move beyond self-interest to interact with others, nature and the supernatural.

Ryff

1989

Ryff Model

6 factor model of wellbeing

Who is in charge of subjective wellbeing?

Diener (1984)

Who is in charge of psychological wellbeing?

Ryff (1989)

6 Factors of Psychological Wellbeing

Self-acceptance Positive relations with others Autonomy Purpose on life Personal growth Environmental master

Autonomy

Being self-determined, independent, resisting social pressures

Purpose in life

Having goals, sense of direction, finding meaning in life.

Personal growth

Continually developing and realising one's potential. Ability to react positively to new experiences.

Environmental Mastery

Feeling competent in managing one's environment and effectively using opportunities. Ability to react positively to complex tasks.

Self-acceptence

Positive self-attitude and acknowledging both good and bad qualities about oneself

Positive relations with others

Maintaining warm, satisfying and trusting relationships

1984

Diener

1989

Ryff