carbon

can form 4 covalent bonds Creates long chains and ring structures Forms the backbone of all organic molecules Versatile bonding allows for molecular diversity.

Carbohydrates

are sugars, or long chains of sugars. An important role is to store energy. Short-term energy storage. Structural component of cell membrane. Primary energy source of energy for the body Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O) (1:2:1 ratio) Energy Value: 4 kilocalories per gram.

proteins

Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N) 4 kilocalories per gram Transport molecules in and out of the cell. Control the speed of chemical reactions. (enzymes) Used for growth and repair of body tissues. Contributes to immunity and fighting diseases. Provides structural support in the form of hair and nails.

lipids

Long term energy-storage. Insulates your body. Makes up most of our cell membranes. Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O) 9 kilocalories per gram (most energy-dense!)

nucleic acids

Transfers genetic information (RNA). Holds the instructions to make proteins (DNA) Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Nitrogen (N) and Phosphorus (P)

Monosaccharides

are the monomers of carbohydrates. also, simple sugar

Disaccharides

2 monosaccharides examples are sucrose, lactose, and maltose

polysaccharides

10 or more monosaccharide units which form complex sugars. examples are starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin.

amino acids

The monomers of proteins. there are 20 different types of amino acids.

polypeptide

the combination of amino acids forming a protein.

fatty acids

the monomer of lipids.

Nucleotides

the monomers of nucleic acids

DNA

A polymer of nucleic acids that holds the instructions to make proteins.

RNA

A polymer of nucleic acids that transfers genetic information

Purines

Adenine and Guanine

Pyrimidines

Thymine and Cytosine

Purines and Pyrimidines

are the 2 types of nitrogen bases in a nucleotide which make up to 4 different nucleotides.

Dehydration Synthesis

The process of combination of two molecules with the elimination of water molecules 

Hydrolysis

is a process in which macromolecules are split into monomers by adding water.