word Statista – "Statement" came from?

Italian word

word Statistik – "Political State" came from

German word

Early probability theory

Blaise Pascal

A branch of applied mathematics involving collection, description, analysis, and inference of conclusions from quantitative data.

Statistics

Probability & statistical inference

Pierre-Simon Laplace

Correlation & hypothesis testing

Karl Pearson

Father of modern experimental design

Ronald Fisher

Factual information (as measurement or statistics) used as basis for reasoning, discussion, or calculation

Data (Webster’s 1973)

Entire group studied

Population

Observable characteristic that varies

Variable

Factual information organized for analysis

Data (Webster’s II 1996)

Numerical description of population

Parameter

Numbers, characters, images, or recordings; alone has no meaning, when interpreted becomes information → enhances knowledge

Data (Practical view)

Subset of population

Sample

Numerical description of sample

Statistic

Number of times a value occurs

Frequency

Systematic error in data collection

Bias

Gathering data from entire population

Census

Distance between mean & data point

Deviation

Range of values of a variable

Distribution

Summarizes occurrences of values

Frequency table

Bell curve probability model

Normal distribution

Relationship between two variables (-1 to +1)

Correlation (r)

Determines differences among the means of two or more groups on a variable

ANOVA (Analysis of Variance)

Association between two variables in which one causes a change in the other

Causal Relationship

Compares observed data with expected data according to a hypothesis

Chi-square Test

Determines if the scores of two groups differ on a single variable

T-Test

Draws a sample strictly by chance, no discernible pattern beyond chance

Random Sampling

Summarizes data set

Descriptive Statistics

Determines relationships, generalizes to population

Inferential Statistics

Assumes distribution; uses interval/ratio data

Parametric Statistics

Non-numerical (gender, color, civil status)

Qualitative Data

No distribution assumptions; uses nominal/ordinal data

Non-Parametric Statistics

Numerical (Discrete = countable; Continuous = measurable)

Quantitative Data

Order + distance between points, no true zero (temperature, IQ)

Interval

Categories only (gender, religion, nationality)

Nominal

Rank order (class rank, satisfaction level)

Ordinal –