In what ways did Georgia serve the Confederacy?
Troops and leaders: supplied large numbers of soldiers, officers, and militia.
Resources and industry: provided cotton, foodstuffs, naval stores, and manufacturing (textiles, ordnance).
Transportation and logistics: rail lines and ports (until blockaded) supported Confederate movements.
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| In what ways did Georgia serve the Confederacy? | Troops and leaders: supplied large numbers of soldiers, officers, and militia. Resources and industry: provided cotton, foodstuffs, naval stores, and manufacturing (textiles, ordnance). Transportation and logistics: rail lines and ports (until blockaded) supported Confederate movements. |
| What important roles did Georgians hold in the Confederate government? List individuals and offices held. | Alexander H. Stephens — Vice President of the Confederacy. Robert Toombs — Confederate Secretary of State (briefly) and influential Georgian politician. Other officers: many Georgians served as Confederate generals and congressmen (e.g., John B. Gordon, Joseph E. Brown in state leadership roles). |
| What did Joseph Brown do during the Civil War? | Governor Joseph E. Brown mobilized Georgia’s militia, coordinated state defense, resisted some Confederate centralization, and managed wartime state administration. |
| What type of fighting occurred in Georgia between 1861-1863? | Skirmishes and raids along the coast and frontier; large conventional battles in northwest Georgia and along key rail/river corridors; defensive operations to protect ports and cities. |
| Where was the first major engagement fought in Georgia in 1863? Which side won the battle? | Battle of Chickamauga (September 1863) — fought in northwest Georgia; Confederate victory (one of the war’s bloodiest battles). |
| What Union general is credited with capturing Atlanta? | Major General William T. Sherman. |
| Why was the fall of Atlanta so significant? | It destroyed a major Confederate transportation and manufacturing hub, boosted Northern morale, helped secure Lincoln’s re‑election, and opened the way for Sherman’s March to the Sea. |
| How did Savannah avoid meeting the same fate as Atlanta and much of Georgia? | Sherman offered Savannah as a “Christmas gift” to Lincoln after his March to the Sea; he captured the city with relatively little destruction and spared many historic structures, negotiating surrender rather than burning the city. |
| How did former slaves define their freedom? | Family reunification, control over labor and wages, land or access to land, legal rights, education, and religious autonomy—freedom meant family, economic independence, and civic rights. |
| What responsibilities did the Freedmen’s Bureau have? | Provided food, clothing, medical care, and emergency relief; negotiated labor contracts; supervised labor conditions; established schools; and assisted freed people with legal claims and reunification. |
| What was the difference between Presidential and Congressional reconstruction? Why did Congressional reconstruction occur? | Presidential Reconstruction (Lincoln/Johnson): quicker restoration of Southern states with lenient terms and limited protections for freedpeople. Congressional (Radical) Reconstruction: imposed military districts, stricter requirements for readmission, and stronger civil and voting rights protections for African Americans. Why Congress acted: to protect freed people’s rights, enforce the 14th Amendment, and counteract Southern state governments and violence that denied civil rights under Presidential plans. |
| What was the goal of the Black Codes? | To restrict freed people’s freedom, control labor (force labor contracts), limit mobility and civil rights, and preserve a labor system similar to slavery. |
| Why was the capital of Georgia moved to Atlanta? | Strategic and economic reasons: Atlanta was a growing railroad and commercial hub in the interior, more centrally located for the expanding state and better connected by rail than Milledgeville. |
| What groups made up the Republican coalition? Name significant individuals. | Freedpeople (new voters), Northern transplants and carpetbaggers, Southern Unionists and some white yeomen (scalawags). Significant individuals: African American leaders and Republican officeholders, Northern missionaries and teachers, and white Republican politicians (state-level names varied by year). |
| How did Georgians justify African American expulsion from the General Assembly in 1868? | They argued—falsely—that Black members were ineligible under state law or residency rules and used political and racial pretexts to remove them; expulsions were part of white resistance to Black political power. |
| Why did Georgia undergo a third reconstruction? | Because Georgia was readmitted, then its legislature expelled Black members and resisted Reconstruction laws; Congress placed Georgia back under military rule (a “third” phase) until it complied with federal requirements (ratifying amendments, restoring rights). |
| How did the shortage of currency lead to sharecropping? | Cash scarcity after the war made wage labor and land purchases difficult; landowners and freed people negotiated labor-for-land arrangements (sharecropping) where laborers worked plots in return for a share of the crop, substituting credit and crop‑shares for cash wages. |