What is the primary purpose of the integumentary system?
To protect the body, regulate temperature, provide sensation, help make vitamin D, store blood, and remove some wastes.
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
What is the primary purpose of the integumentary system? | To protect the body, regulate temperature, provide sensation, help make vitamin D, store blood, and remove some wastes. |
What are the main structures of the integumentary system? | Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands. |
What is the outer layer of skin called? | Epidermis. |
What type of tissue makes up the dermis? | Connective tissue. |
What are the two layers of the dermis? | Papillary layer and reticular layer. |
What is the function of keratinocytes? | To produce keratin and help protect the skin. |
What pigment is produced by melanocytes? | Melanin. |
What are striae commonly known as? | Stretch marks. |
What is the function of sweat glands? | To cool the body, remove waste, and maintain water and electrolyte balance. |
What are the two types of sweat glands? | Eccrine glands and apocrine glands. |
What are the ABCDs of melanoma? | Asymmetry, Border, Color, Diameter. |
What are the three common types of skin cancer? | Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma. |
What is the primary function of bones? | Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell production, fat storage, and hormone production. |
What are the two main divisions of the skeleton? | Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton. |
What type of cartilage is found in the nose and trachea? | Hyaline cartilage. |
What is the difference between compact bone and spongy bone? | Compact bone is dense and organized into osteons, while spongy bone is lightweight and contains trabeculae. |
What is the periosteum? | A membrane that covers the outside of bone, consisting of a fibrous layer and an osteogenic layer. |
What is the role of the endosteum? | It lines the inside of bone and contains cells involved in bone growth and remodeling. |
What is the function of hair? | To protect the skin, help with sensation, and reduce heat loss. |
What is the visible part of the hair called? | Hair shaft. |
What are the main components of nails? | Nail plate, nail bed, nail root, nail fold, and lunula. |
What is androgenic alopecia? | Common age-related hair thinning. |
What is the primary function of sebaceous glands? | To produce sebum, which lubricates and waterproofs skin and hair. |
What are the three major pigments that affect skin color? | Melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin. |
What does cyanosis indicate? | Bluish skin, often related to low oxygen levels. |
What is a blister? | A condition where layers of skin separate and fluid collects between them. |
What is the mnemonic for the layers of the epidermis? | Big Students Get Lots Correct (Basale, Spinosum, Granulosum, Lucidum, Corneum). |
What is the diaphysis of a long bone? | The shaft of the bone. |
What is the epiphysis of a long bone? | The ends of the bone. |
What is the function of the epiphyseal plate? | It serves as the growth plate for bone lengthening. |
What does articular cartilage do? | Covers joint surfaces to reduce friction. |
What is found in the medullary cavity? | The hollow center of the bone, often containing yellow marrow. |
What is the endosteum? | The inner lining of the bone. |
What is compact bone? | The hard outer layer of bone. |
What is spongy bone? | The porous inner layer of bone. |
What is the function of red marrow? | Produces blood cells. |
What is yellow marrow primarily used for? | Fat storage. |
What are osteogenic cells? | Stem cells that can become osteoblasts. |
What do osteoblasts do? | Build new bone. |
What are osteocytes? | Mature bone cells that maintain bone. |
What is the role of osteoclasts? | Break down bone. |
What is an osteon? | The basic structural unit of compact bone. |
What is hydroxyapatite? | A mineral that gives bones their hardness and strength. |
What is endochondral ossification? | The process by which most bones develop from cartilage. |
What are the zones of the epiphyseal plate? | Quiescent, proliferation, hypertrophic, calcification, ossification. |
What is bone remodeling? | The process of bone being broken down and rebuilt. |
What is Wolff's Law? | Bones become stronger when placed under mechanical stress. |
What is a greenstick fracture? | An incomplete break in the bone. |
What is a comminuted fracture? | A fracture where the bone breaks into pieces. |
What is a stress fracture? | A small crack in the bone from repeated stress. |
What are the stages of bone repair? | Hematoma, fibrocartilaginous callus, bony callus, remodeling. |
What is osteoporosis? | A condition where bones become weak and less dense. |
What is osteomalacia? | Softening of bones often related to inadequate vitamin D. |
What is the function of the axial skeleton? | Supports the body, protects organs, and provides muscle attachment. |
How many cranial bones are there? | There are 8 cranial bones. |
What are the regions of the vertebral column? | Cervical (7), Thoracic (12), Lumbar (5), Sacrum (5 fused), Coccyx (usually 4 fused). |
What is the function of the thoracic cage? | Protects the heart and lungs and supports the upper body. |
What are the two bones of the shoulder girdle? | Clavicle and scapula. |
What is the largest bone in the body? | The femur. |