Term

Quace

Definition

A hypothetical concept like race, but one where there is no way to tell people of different quaces apart. Asking “what quace are you really?” would be meaningless.

Term

Horizontal Race System

Definition

A system where race refers to physical traits (like appearance or ancestry) but has no social significance. No one lies about or suspects others of lying about their race. This is the kind of system we think we have, but actually don’t.

Term

Vertical Race System

Definition

A system where race both refers to something and matters socially and politically. Determines access to power, resources, and rights. Exists to maintain dominance of one race over others. Shaped by history, stereotypes, privilege, and oppression. The same structure applies to gender and sexuality.