Anatomy

The study of the structure (form)of body parts and how they relate to one another

Physiology

The study of the function of body parts

Subdivisions (Anatomy)

Includes: Gross/Macroscopic anatomy, Microscopic anatomy, and Developmental anatomy/Embryolog

Subdivisions (Physiology)

Includes: Regional or System physiology, as well as Cell and Molecular physiology

Levels of Structural Organization: Chemical Level

Atoms (like Carbon) and molecules (like phospholipid molecules)

Cellular Level

The smallest unit of life (e.g., squamous epithelial cells or the plasma membrane)

Tissue Level

Groups of similar cells (e.g., stratified squamous epithelium or smooth muscle)

Organ Level

Different tissues working together (e.g., the esophagus or liver)

Organ System Level

Groups of organs working together (e.g., the Digestive system or Nervous system)

Organism Level

The highest level representing the sum total of all structural levels (e.g., a human being)

Necessary Life Functions (To maintain life, humans must perform these 10 functions) Maintaining Boundaries

Keeping the internal environment separate from the external.

Movement

Physical motion of the body or substances within it.

Responsiveness

Ability to sense and react to changes (e.g., withdrawing a hand from heat)

Digestion

Breaking down food into absorbable nutrients

Metabolism

All chemical reactions in the body

Metabolism --> Anabolism

Building things up (making bigger parts) OR Building complex substances from simpler ones.

Metabolism --> Catabolism

Breaking down complex substances (e.g., carbs into glucose)

Excretion

Removal of metabolic wastes from the body

Reproduction

Production of offspring at the cellular or organismal level. Example: Mitosis

Growth

An increase in size or the number of cells

Anatomical Terminology What is Standard Anatomical Position

The body is upright, face forward, feet shoulder-width apart, arms at the sides, with the face, toes, and palms facing forward.

Directional Terms: Superior (Cranial)

Toward the head

Inferior (Caudal)

Toward the lower body

Anterior (Ventral)

Front of the body

Posterior (Dorsal)

Back of the body

Medial

Toward the midline

Lateral

Away from the midline.

Ipsilateral

On the same side of the body

Contralateral

On opposite sides

Proximal Vs. Distal

Proximal means closer to the point of attachment or trunk Distal means far from the trunk or attachment point.

Superficial

Closer to the surface

Deep

Further internal

Regional Anatomy and Body Planes Axial Region

Includes the head, neck, and trunk

Appendicular Region

includes the upper extremities (arms) and lower extremities (legs)

Head & Neck

Cephalic: Head Cervical: Neck Occipital: Back of the head Otic: Ear

Trunk (Front & Back):

Scapular: Shoulder blade area Vertebral: Spine area Lumbar: Lower back Sacral:Tailbone area between hips Gluteal: Buttocks Perineal: Region between the anus and external genitalia

Upper Limb & Hand (Manus)

Acromial: Point of the shoulder Brachial: Arm (specifically upper arm) Antecubital: Front surface of the elbow Olecranal: Back surface of the elbow Antebrachial: Forearm Carpal: Wrist Pollex: Thumb Digital: Fingers

Lower Limb & Foot (Pedal)

Coxal:Hip Femoral: Thigh Patellar: Kneecap (front) Popliteal: Area behind the knee Crural: Front of the leg (shin area) Sural: Calf (back of the leg) Tarsal: Ankle Calcaneal: Heel of the foot Plantar: Sole of the foot

Planes and Sections: Slice Directions Sagittal Plane

Passes vertically through the body, dividing it into right and left sides

Midsagittal Plane

Passes directly down the exact centerline, dividing the body into equal right and left halves

Parasagittal Plane

Passes vertically off-center, dividing the body into unequal right and left portions

Frontal (Coronal) Plane

Passes vertically from side to side, dividing the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions

Transverse (Horizontal) Plane

Passes horizontally across the body, dividing it into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) portions

Oblique Plane

A slice made diagonally at an angle between horizontal and vertical planes

Internal Body Cavities

Body cavities are fluid-filled spaces that hold and protect internal organs

DORSAL CAVITY

Back / Bony

VENTRAL CAVITY

Front / Soft

DORSAL CAVITY has the:

Cranial (brain) AND Vertebral (spinal cord)

VENTRAL CAVITY has the:

Thoracic (chest area) AND Abdominopelvic (Belly/Pelvis)

Dorsal Body Cavity (Posterior):

Located in the back of the body and completely enclosed by bony structures

Dorsal Body Cavity Subdivisions:

Cranial Cavity: Formed by the skull; houses and protects the brain Vertebral (Spinal) Cavity: Formed by the backbone; houses and protects the spinal cord

Ventral Body Cavity (Anterior)

- Located in the front of the body; larger and not completely encased in bone - Separated into upper and lower sections by the diaphragm muscle - Contains serous membranes

Ventral Body Cavity (Anterior) Subdivisions:

Thoracic Cavity (Superior to diaphragm): The chest cavity It is further divided into: Pleural Cavities: Two lateral spaces, each housing a lung Pericardial Cavity: Central space housing the heart Mediastinum: Central region separating the lungs Abdominopelvic Cavity (Inferior to diaphragm): The lower cavity It is further divided into: Abdominal Cavity: Superior part holding digestive organs like the stomach, liver, and intestines Pelvic Cavity: Inferior part enclosed by hip bones holding the urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs, and rectum

Serous Membranes Visceral Layer:

The inner layer of the membrane that directly covers the external surface of the organ (viscera)

Parietal Layer:

The outer layer of the membrane that lines the internal surface of the body wall

Serous Cavity & Fluid:

The narrow space between parietal and visceral layers filled with serous fluid --> *Purpose: Serous fluid provides lubrication to reduce friction as organs expand and move against body walls