Term

Anarchism

Definition

What: Political belief that society should function without government. When: 1800s–present. Where: Europe, U.S. Why: Reaction to industrial inequality. Significance: Inspired revolutionary movements and political violence in the late 19th century.

Term

New Imperialism

Definition

What: Period of aggressive European expansion. When: 1870–1914. Where: Africa, Asia. Why: Resources, markets, nationalism, “civilizing mission.” Significance: Reshaped global politics; caused conflicts that led to WWI.

Term

Charles Darwin

Definition

Who: British naturalist. When: 1809–1882. Where: England. Why notable: Created theory of evolution by natural selection. Significance: Inspired Social Darwinism (misuse of his theories).