The American Revolution raged from 1775 (shots first fired at __) - 1783 (__)

shots first fired at Lexington and Concord- Treaty of Paris

the final battle of The American Revolution was fought at Yorktown in __

1781

Why Discontent with British rule? The British viewed the resource-rich colonies as a commodity that could be __ to fund their wars. This increased taxes on goods, angering the public.

exploited and taxed

A small, influential group of citizens believed the colonies would be better off __. They echoed the sentiments of British citizens who did not have rights and privileges.

self- governing

The Declaration of Independence: __ to the Second Continental Congress signed it (penned by Thomas Jefferson). It is written as a letter to King George III of England and explains the reasons for rebellion.

On July 4, 1776, 56 delegates

The Declaration of Independence articulates the __ basis for our political system. Jefferson borrowed from John Locke’s __. Jefferson argues for a limited government at the consent of the governed.

philosophical, Second Treatise of Government

The Articles of Confederation written by __.

John Dickinson in November 1777

The Articles of Confederation The former colonies did not view themselves as one nation, rather, as 13 __ countries working together to fight the Revolution. The power remained with the __. Funding the Revolution was ineffective, making American victory impressive.

Independent, states.

The Articles of Confederation: not formally ratified until __.

1781

The Articles of Confederation: The national government under the Articles was weak and could not levy taxes, wage war, regulate commerce, or issue currency. It contained no __. the power was concentrated in the legislature / Congress.

executive branch

The Articles of Confederation: Passing legislation or amending the Articles was difficult, requiring a unanimous vote of __

13.

The Articles was our first system of American government. Within the Articles “United States of America” is mentioned for the __ time.

first

The Great Compromise- Philadelphia in __ the Articles.

1787 to amend

The Great Compromise- Philadelphia in 1787 to amend the Articles. Many realized the inefficiencies of the Articles of Confederation and argued it could lead to financial ruin or invasion by Great Britain, France, or Spain. Twelve states sent delegates to the Constitutional Convention (__) and met in secret.

except Rhode Island

The Virginia Plan / Randolph Plan, (by James Madison) proposed a government in which states cede power to __.

national government.

The Virginia Plan / Randolph Plan: Proposed a bicameral legislature with representation in houses based on __ which favored the large population states (Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts).

population

The Virginia Plan / Randolph Plan: The __ would choose members of the lower house; __ would choose members of the upper house.

people, state legislatures

The Virginia Plan / Randolph Plan: proposed a fusion-of-power or parliamentary system, whereby the __ would choose the chief executive (present in Britain).

legislature

The Virginia Plan / Randolph Plan:

Judicial system: a “supreme court” chosen by the upper house. The Virginia Plan viewed power as being derived from “people,” rather than the states.

New Jersey Plan, or Paterson Plan. proposed a __ legislature with representation regardless of state population. favored the__ states. proposed a multi- __ chosen by the legislature. assumed that national government power would be derived from the __, not the people.

unicameral, small population, multi-person chief executive, states, not the people.

the Great Compromise / Connecticut Compromise: resulted from the __ and represented a departure from the Articles.

Constitutional Convention

Article I outlines the powers of __(who would pass the laws); Article II; the powers of the __ , and Article III; the powers of the __(who would interpret the laws)

Congress, President, Judiciary

Article I: reasoned, a __legislature possessing the most power

bicameral

The lower house, (House of Representatives) is elected by the people. Representation is based upon state __.

population

The Senate is equal with each state possessing __.

two

House members serve __-year terms, must be __ years old, and must be U.S. citizens for a minimum of __years.

two, 25, 7

Senators serve __-year terms, must be __ years old, and have been U.S. residents for at least __years.

six, 30, 9

The president must be __ years of age and a resident of the U.S. for the previous __years.

35, 14

Roosevelt had __ terms from 1932- 1944

4

Twenty-Second Amendment (1951),limits the president to __terms.

two

A state’s total number of electors is the sum of its __ plus its Senators.

Representatives

In all states except __, the candidate who wins the majority of the popular vote receives all that state’s electors.

Maine and Nebraska

To win the presidential election, a candidate must receive a majority (__) of the votes.

270

Impeachment: 1: __ conducts an investigation 2: “Articles of Impeachment” can be voted requiring a majority vote. 3: “Articles” go to Senate for trial. 4: Senators serve as jury; the __ oversees

House of Representatives. Chief Justice of the Supreme Court

Today, the Court has __members.

nine

Common process of proposing / ratifying an amendment: most common: two-thirds vote in both houses more common: three-quarters vote of all state legislatures.

both houses, all state legislatures.

uncommon process of proposing / ratifying an amendment: uncommon: at the request of__ of the state legislatures. less common: __ of the states in a special convention.

two-thirds, state legislatures. three-quarters, special convention.

Necessary and Proper Clause grants Congress the power to make laws __its enumerated powers.

for carrying out

The reserved powers are those powers __specifically granted to the federal government

not

The Federalists (James Madison, John Adams, Alexander Hamilton, and George Washington) saw the need for a __national government. Support was in England / Middle Atlantic, cities, and intellectuals / merchants.

strong

Anti-Federalists believed that the __ should remain strong, power should be dispersed among levels. Support was in rural areas /south, frontier settlers, and individualists.

states should remain strong

Federalism: system in which power is divided between a __ and multiple constituent, provincial, or state governments.

central government

Supremacy Clause states the__ shall be presumed to win out over the state.

federal government

Tenth Amendment: __. powers beyond what is listed

“reserved powers”.

The Full Faith and Credit Clause: judicial orders arising out of one state will continue to be binding in __

other states

McCulloch v. Maryland: Chief Justice John Marshall's case: Congress chartered a national bank and located a branch __. Maryland’s legislature disliked the idea of added competition and__. James McCulloch, the head of the Baltimore branch refused to pay. Maryland sued McCulloch and won.

in Baltimore. levied a tax on all banks not chartered by Maryland.

Sixteenth Amendment: allows congress to __ without apportioning it among states based on population.

levy fed income tax

Twelfth Amendment: require __ votes for President and Vice President

separate