Interior of the cell consists of?
- Nucleus
- Cytoplasm (outside nucleus)
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Interior of the cell consists of? | - Nucleus - Cytoplasm (outside nucleus) |
| Functions of plasma membrane | - Physical Barrier - Cell communication - Structural support - Transport |
| Structure of a phospholipid | - POLAR head - faces environment - NONPOLAR tail (unsaturated tail = DB = kink) - faces core |
| Purpose of steroids | Maintain membrane fluidity (prevents FA's from packing together = decreases fluidity) |
| Membrane proteins: purpose of integral (intrinsic) proteins | - ion channels/transporters |
| Membrane proteins: purpose of peripheral (extrinsic) proteins | - inner or outer surface of membrane |
| Membrane proteins: purpose of glycoproteins | - protein w/ attached carb - extracellular of plasma membrane |
| T/F: Lipids are responsible for selective permeability of the cell | False, proteins are |
| Cell junctions: components of desmosomes | - adhering junctions: anchor cells, structural integrity - plaques: anchoring point for cadherins - cadherins: link cells - intermediate filaments: anchor surface of desmosomes to cells, structural |
| Cell junctions: components of tight junctions & where's it found | - found in epithelial tissue - occludins: impermeable, linking adjacent cells |
| Cell junctions: components of gap junctions | - connexons: electrically couple cells |
| Components of the nucleus | - chromatin: DNA for proteins (condensed = chromosome) - nuclear envelope - nuclear pores - nucleolusL makes rRNA |
| T/F: RBC's have no nucleus | True |
| T/F: skeletal muscle cells have 1 nucleus | False, they are multinucleate |
| Function and components of ribosome | - no membrane - protein synthesis (has small and large subunits) - functional ribosomes: free in cytoplasm or bound to ER |
| Function of rough ER | - granular (ribos bound to surface) - sacs - synthesize proteins (post-translational modification) |
| Function of smooth ER | - agranular - branched - synthesize lipids, store Ca, detoxify drugs |
| Function and components of golgi apparatus | - cisternae: membrane bound sacs - post-translation modification of proteins in Rough ER (packaged into vesicles) and secreted via exocytosis |
| Function of lysosomes | - digestive enzymes - degrade debris (recycle) |
| Function of peroxisomes | - oxidative enzymes (removes H from molecule) |
| Function of mitochondria | - cell resp - have own DNA: double stranded circular DNA |
| Function and components of cytoskeleton | - non membrane bound - maintain cell shape |
| Steps of Phagocytosis | - cell eating: extension of plasma - ex: WBC 1. recognize bacteria 2. attachment of bacteria to phagocyte 3. pseudopodia ingest bacteria into phagosome 4. fuses lysosome with phagosome = phagolysosome 5. destruct bacteria via digestion enzymes 6. release end products via exocytosis |
| Pinocytosis | - indentation of plasma membrane - nonspecific proces |
| Steps of receptor-mediated endocytosis | 1. receptors bind ligands 2. clathirin forms pit and concentrates to make vesicle 3. vesicle travels |
| T/F: as size of concentration gradient increases, rate of transport decreases | False, rate of transport increases (greater force) |
| Factors influencing rate of diffusion (passive) | - magnitude of force: increased conc = increased mag - membrane surface area - permeability: Smaller/regular shape is better for them to get in Temperature: higher is better Distance: smaller distance = faster rate |
| Osmosis | Water: high to low conc - need active transport to alter water movement - flows from solution with lower solute to higher solute |
| Carrier mediated facilitated diffusion | - no energy - high to low - GLUT (glucose: high -> low) |
| Channel mediated facilitated diffusion | - no energy - selective - voltage/ligand/mechanically gated |
| Primary active transport | - Na/K pump |
| Secondary active transport | - cotransport: two substances in same direction (ex. Na/Glucose) - Countertransport: two substances in opp directions (ex. Na/H) - electroneutral: no net movement of charge |
| Properties of receptors | - specificity - saturation - affinity - plasma membrane (is it transmembrane) - intracellular |
| Intracellular receptors | - alters transcription of mRNA - alters rate of protein synthesis |
| Examples of water-soluble chemical messengers | hormones, neuroT's - cannot cross plasma membrane |
| mechanism of receptors that are ligand-gated ion channels | - first messenger binds to receptor = opens ion channel - ions cross membrane - change in electrical properties |