According to the multipath model, how are biological, psychological, social, and sociocultural factors involved in the development of anxiety disorders?

The multipath model stresses the importance of considering the contribution of and interaction between biological, psychological, social, and sociocultural factors in the etiology of anxiety disorders.

Give examples of how according to the multipath model, how are biological, psychological, social, and sociocultural factors involved in the development of anxiety disorders?

- genetically predisposed individuals (e.g., those with inherited overactivity of the fear circuitry in the brain) who grow up in a supportive family or social environment may not develop an anxiety disorder. although sociocultural factors (e.g., discrimination, poverty) can increase the risk of anxiety disorders, personality variables (such as a sense of control and mastery) can help mitigate the impact of stressors.

What are phobias?

strong, irrational fears. Ex: Agoraphobia is an intense fear of being in public places where escape or help may not be possible. Specific phobias include a variety of irrational fears involving objects and situations.

what is are the causes of phobias (psychological)?

Psychological explanations include classical conditioning, observational learning, and distorted cognitions.

what are the causes of phobias? (Biological)

Biological explanations are based on studies of the influence of genetic, biochemical, and neurological factors and on the idea that humans are predisposed to develop certain fears.

What are the treatments of phobias?

medications (especially antidepressants), and cognitive-behavioral therapies (exposure, systematic desensitization, modeling, and graduated exposure).

What is panic disorder?

Panic disorder is marked by unexpected episodes of extreme anxiety and feelings of impending doom. There are cultural variations in the presentation of symptoms.

what causes a panic disorder?

The causes of panic disorder include biological factors (genetics, neural structures, and neurotransmitters), psychological factors (catastrophic thoughts regarding bodily sensations), and social and sociocultural factors (peer victimization, an anxiety-filled social environment, prejudice, and discrimination).

what interventions decrease panic symptoms?

Treatments for panic disorder include medications (benzodiazepines and antidepressants) and behavioral treatments (identifying catastrophic thoughts, correcting them, and substituting more realistic ones).

What is generalized anxiety disorder?

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) involves chronically high levels of anxiety and excessive worry.

what are the causes of GAD?

There appears to be less support for the role of genetics in GAD than in other anxiety disorders, although overactivity of the anxiety circuitry in the brain is implicated. Cognitive-behavioral theorists emphasize erroneous beliefs regarding the purpose of worry or the existence of attentional bias, interpretation bias, and impaired attentional control. Social and sociocultural factors such as poverty and discrimination can also contribute to GAD

how is GAD treated?

Antidepressant medications and cognitive-behavioral therapies are used for treatment.

What is OCD/ related disorders?

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and related disorders involve thoughts or actions that are involuntary, intrusive, repetitive, and uncontrollable.

What causes OCD?

increased metabolic activity in the orbitofrontal cortex and excessive neural connectivity involving the prefrontal cortex. According to the anxiety-reduction hypothesis, obsessions and compulsions develop because they reduce anxiety. Cognitive-behavioral theorists have focused on cognitive factors such as an intolerance of uncertainty or overestimating the probability of harm.

What is body-dysmorphic disorder?

Excessive concern or preoccupation with a perceived body defect

What is hair-pulling disorder? (Trichtillomania)

the compulsive pulling out of one’s hair, resulting in noticeable hair loss.

What is Excoriation (skin-picking) disorder?

the repetitive picking of one’s skin, resulting in the development of lesions.

What is Hoarding Disorder?

accumulating possessions and having difficulty discarding items, including items that appear to have little or no value.

How are these OCD related disorders treated?

Antidepressant medications and cognitive-behavioral therapies are used to treat these disorders.

What is Prolonged Grief disorder?

clinically significant grief symptoms such as intense yearning, persistent thoughts about the deceased person, and disbelief over their death that last for at least 1 year in adults or 6 months in children and adolescents

What is adjustment disorder?

clinically significant emotional distress and impairment in daily functioning that begins within 3 months after exposure to a stressor. persists no longer than 6 months after the end of the stressor or consequences from the stressor.

What is Acute and Posttraumatic stress disorder?

Acute and posttraumatic stress disorders involve direct or indirect exposure to a life-threatening or violent event, resulting in intrusive memories of the occurrence, attempts to forget or repress the memories, emotional withdrawal, and increased arousal

How long do symptoms last in ASD?

symptoms last up to 1 month

How long do symptoms last in PTSD?

symptoms continue for more than 1 month after the traumatic event

What factors are associated with the risk of developing a trauma-related disorder?

Possible biological factors involve stress hormones and a sensitized autonomic nervous system. Psychological factors include anxiety, depression, and maladaptive cognitions. Maltreatment during childhood and inadequate social support are risk factors, as are various sociocultural factors, such as experiences with discrimination or racism.

How are trauma and stressor-related disorders treated?

Certain medications are somewhat effective. Prolonged exposure therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapies, and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) are often effective

What role does stress play in our physical health?

External events that place a physical or psychological demand on a person can serve as stressors and affect physical health.

What is a psychophysiological disorder?

any physical disorder that has a strong psychological component can involve actual tissue damage, a disease process, or physiological dysfunction. Not everyone develops an illness when exposed to the same stressor or traumatic event. Individuals may react to the same stressor in very different ways.

What are the causes of a psychophysiological disorder? (biological)

stress-related physical conditions include chronic activation of the sympathetic nervous system and continual release of stress hormones, as well as genetic influences.

What are the causes of a psychophysiological disorder? (Psychological)

characteristics such as cynicism, pessimism, and hostility, as well as feelings of depression or anxiety.

What are the causes of a psychophysiological disorder? (social)

Social contributors include having an inadequate social network, abusive intimate partner interactions, and childhood maltreatment

What are the causes of a psychophysiological disorder? (Sociocultural factors )

gender, racial, and ethnic background as well as stressful environments associated with poverty, discrimination, and racism

How are psychophysiological disorders treated?

interventions aimed at reducing stress and physiological reactivity combined with medical treatment for associated physical symptoms.