Why did the Wars of Independence begin?

Tarquinius Superbus refused to give up on the throne and sought to reclaim it by force.

What was the first battle of the Wars of Independence?

The Battle of Silvia Arsia

Who were the leaders of the Roman army at the Battle of Silvia Arsia?

Valerius Publicola (infantry) and Lucius Junius Brutus (cavalry)

Who died in the Battle of Silvia Arsia?

Both Lucius Junius Brutus and Arruns, son of Tarquinius Superbus.

What was the outcome of the Battle of Silvia Arsia?

Roman victory, although both sides suffered heavy losses.

What event supposedly occurred after the battle of Silvia Arsia?

A ghostly voice declared that Rome would win the war against the Etruscans.

How did Valerius celebrate the victory at Silvia Arsia?

He held a triumph in Rome and organized a funeral for Brutus.

Why did Romans begin to suspect Valerius Publicola?

He hadn't appointed a new co-consul after Brutus' death and was rumored to be building a fortress for himself.

How did Valerius address the suspicions about him?

He quickly appointed a new co-consul and introduced new laws to benefit the Plebeians.

Give 2 examples of the new laws introduced by Valerius Publicola.

* He lowered the price of essential goods. * Plebeians could appeal against unfair prosecution by magistrates.

Who was Lars Porsena?

The king of Clusium who helped Superbus try to take back Rome.

What did Porsena demand from Rome?

That they reinstate Superbus as king or return his land.

What was the name of the hill the Roman army lost to Porsena?

The Janiculum

Who defended the bridge against Porsena's army?

Horatius Cocles

Why did the Plebeians start to desert Rome?

Because Porsena blockaded the city and they were starving.

Who was Gaius Mucius Scaevola?

A Roman soldier who tried to assassinate Porsena.

Why did Mucius Scaevola burn his own hand?

To show Porsena how determined he was and to scare him.

What were the terms of the peace treaty between Rome and Porsena?

Rome gave the Veii back their freedom and provided hostages.

Who was Cloelia?

A Roman hostage who escaped captivity and freed other hostages.

What did Cloelia do that impressed Porsena?

She swam across the Tiber River to escape, even under fire from archers.

Why did the Senate replace Consuls with a Dictator?

Because constant warfare was causing unrest among the Plebeians.

What was the name of the dictator who led Rome at the Battle of Lake Regillus?

Aulus Postumius

Who commanded the Etruscan army at the Battle of Lake Regillus?

Octavius Mamilius

What happened to the leaders of both sides during the battle?

Most were wounded, including Postumius, Superbus, Aebutius, and Mamilius.

How did Postumius stop the Romans from retreating?

He ordered his bodyguards to attack any Roman soldier who tried to run.

What vow did Postumius make to win the battle?

He promised to build a temple to the cavalry gods, Castor and Pollux.

What was the outcome of the Battle of Lake Regillus?

Roman victory, ending Superbus' attempts to reclaim the throne.

What happened to Superbus after the battle?

He was wounded, gave up on regaining power, and died in exile in 493 BC.

What were the terms of the peace treaty between Rome and the Latin League?

A defensive military alliance, not to help each other's enemies, and to share spoils of war equally.