What is the test position and alignment for wrist radial deviation?

Position: Sitting, forearm on table; stabilize forearm to prevent pronation/supination. Axis – capitate. Stationary arm – lateral epicondyle. Moving arm – metacarpal.

What is the test position and alignment for wrist ulnar deviation?

Position: Sitting, forearm on table; stabilize forearm to prevent pronation/supination. Axis – capitate. Stationary arm – lateral epicondyle of humerus. Moving arm – middle metacarpal.

What is the test position and alignment for forearm supination?

Position: Sitting; shoulder neutral, elbow flexed to 90°. Stabilize arm. Axis – ulnar styloid. Stationary arm – parallel to humerus. Moving arm – ventral radius.

What is the test position and alignment for forearm pronation?

Position: Sitting; shoulder neutral, elbow flexed to 90°. Stabilize arm and pronate forearm. Axis – lateral to ulnar styloid. Stationary arm – parallel to humerus. Moving arm – dorsum of radius.

What is the test position and alignment for shoulder flexion?

Position: Supine, knees flexed; avoid abduction, adduction, or rotation. Axis – acromion (humeral head). Stationary arm – mid-axillary line. Moving arm – mid-humerus toward lateral epicondyle.

What is the test position and alignment for shoulder external (lateral) rotation?

Position: Supine; shoulder abducted 90°, elbow flexed 90°, forearm neutral. Axis – olecranon process. Stationary arm – vertical. Moving arm – ulna toward ulnar styloid.

What is the test position and alignment for shoulder internal (medial) rotation?

Position: Supine; shoulder abducted 90°, elbow flexed 90°, forearm neutral. Axis – olecranon process. Stationary arm – vertical. Moving arm – ulna toward styloid process.

What is the test position and alignment for shoulder abduction?

Position: Supine; shoulder abducted without flexion or extension. Axis – humeral head near acromion. Stationary arm – parallel to sternum. Moving arm – midline of humerus.