Mitosis

division of the nucleus into two identical nuclei

Cytokinesis

division of the cytoplasm into two daughter cells

G1 period

cell grows and performs normal functions

S period

DNA is replicated forming sister chromatids

G2 period

cell prepares for division and organelles duplicate

Prophase

chromosomes condense nuclear envelope breaks down spindle forms

Metaphase

chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate

Anaphase

sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles

Telophase

nuclear envelopes reform and chromosomes decondense

Cleavage furrow

cytokinesis in animal cells using an actin ring

Cell plate formation

cytokinesis in plant cells forming a new cell wall

Enzyme

biological catalyst that speeds up reactions

Catalyst

substance that speeds a reaction without being used up

Activation energy

energy required to start a reaction

Active site

region on enzyme where substrate binds

Substrate

molecule the enzyme acts on

Product

molecule produced by an enzymatic reaction

Denaturation

loss of enzyme shape due to extreme pH or temperature

Rennin

enzyme with optimal activity in warm acidic conditions

Catalase

enzyme with optimal activity at neutral pH and moderate temperature

Cellular respiration reaction

glucose plus oxygen yields carbon dioxide water and ATP

Photosynthesis reaction

carbon dioxide plus water plus light yields glucose and oxygen

Glycolysis

first step of respiration occurring in cytoplasm

Krebs cycle

respiration step occurring in mitochondrial matrix

Electron transport chain

respiration step occurring in inner mitochondrial membrane

Light reactions

photosynthesis step occurring in thylakoid membranes

Calvin cycle

photosynthesis step occurring in stroma

Aerobic respiration

respiration using oxygen producing large ATP

Anaerobic respiration

respiration without oxygen producing little ATP

Ethanol fermentation

glucose yields ethanol carbon dioxide and ATP

Chromatography

technique separating pigments by solubility and abundance

Allele

version of a gene

Genotype

genetic makeup of an organism

Phenotype

physical expression of a trait

Homozygous

having two identical alleles

Heterozygous

having two different alleles

Dominant

allele expressed when present

Recessive

allele expressed only when dominant is absent

Gamete

sex cell carrying one allele

Punnett square

tool predicting offspring genotypes and phenotypes

Sex linked trait

trait carried on a sex chromosome usually X

Blood type alleles

IA IB and i determine human blood types

Codominance

both alleles expressed equally

Karyotype

arrangement of chromosomes matched by size shape and banding

Nucleotide

monomer of nucleic acids

Nucleic acid polymer

DNA or RNA

Phosphate group

one part of a nucleotide

Sugar

one part of a nucleotide

Nitrogen base

one part of a nucleotide

Complementary base pairing

A pairs with T and C pairs with G

Polymerase

enzyme that builds new DNA strands

Restriction endonuclease

enzyme that cuts DNA at specific sequences

Gel electrophoresis

technique separating DNA fragments by size

Gymnosperm

plant with naked seeds such as cones

Angiosperm

flowering plant with seeds inside fruit

Seed producing plant

plant that reproduces using seeds

Spore producing plant

plant that reproduces using spores

Dichotomous key

tool for identifying organisms using paired statements