Sensory Neurons

carry information into the brain and spinal cord

Motor neurons

transmit signals from the brain and spinal cord out to our muscles , nerves, glands, in order to produce a response

Nuerogenesis

production of new brain cells

Neuroglia

Nerve cells that support neurons and aid in neurotransmission

Synapse

the space between neurons - communication

Dendrites

Main receptive surface of the neuron

Effects at the postsynaptic receptors are terminated by:

Enzymatic degradation Reuptake Uptake by glial cells Diffusion

Somatic nervous system

Sensory information into CNS. Neuron carry motor signals from CNS to skeletal muscles

Autonomic nervous system

Neurons that carry information to or from heart muscle, smooth muscle, and glands - sympathetic and parasympathetic

Forebrain

Cerebrum (cerebral cortex, hippocampus, basal ganglia) Thalamus hypothalamus

Midbrain

Tectum and tegmentum

Hindbrain

Pons cerebellum medulla oblongata

Three layers of meninges

PAD - Pia mater, Arachnoid mater, Dura mater

catecholamines

dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine

Indolamines

Serotonin and melatonin

Which is true about presynaptic autoreceptors?

A drug that binds to a presynaptic autoreceptor decreases synthesis and releases from the presynaptic neuron.

Name the two main divisions of the nervous system

central and peripheral

identify the two organs of the central nervous system

brain and spinal cord

list the two divisions of the peripheral nervous system

autonomic and somatic

state the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system

sympathetic and parasympathetic

Parasympathetic

rest and digest

sympathetic

the four f's (fight and flight)

Prefrontal cortex

reasoning, planning, decision making

Pons

Sleeping and smooth breathing

Medulla Oblongata

Basic vegetative processes

Cerebellum

balance, posture, coordination

Thalamus

Train station, relay message for sensory info

Hypothalamus

ANS, bodily drives, hormones

Pineal Gland

biological clock

basal ganglia

movement, emotion, mood

Nucleus Accumens

Reward, pleasure

Limbic System

hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala (emotions and memory)

Two brain regions located in the tectum?

Superior colliculus and inferior colliculus

What brain regions are located in the tegmentum

Periaqueductal gray Substantial nigra: basal ganglia Ventral tegmental area Reticular formation: arousal

major neurotransmitters

Amino acids, modified amines, polypeptides

macromolecules

proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates, lipids

Relationship between amino acids, peptides, and proteins

amino acids are linked by peptide bonds, form peptides, and then longer chains of that make proteins

What were the three broad categories of neurotransmitters we talked about in class? Compare them in size and speed of action.

Amino acids, polypeptides, and amines. Amines and amino acids are small so they work faster and polypeptides are big and work slower

What were the three catecholamines

dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine

What were the three catecholamines - What is the precursor amino acid for these three?

L-tyrosine

What were the two indolamines?

serotonin and melatonin

What is the precursor amino acid for serotonin and melatonin?

g-protein

First nuerotransmitter discovered

Acetycholine

Otto Loewi's frog heart experiment

Two isolated frog hearts, one connected to the vagus nerve and one not. The vagus nerve was stimulated, the fluid dripped down the second heart and he saw that it also slowed down and stopped. If the signal was electrical then it wouldn't have done that. (Chemical Transmission)

Pharmacokinetics

c. The study of how the body absorbs, distributes, metabolizes, and excretes drugs

Routes of administration

oral, sublingual, intravenous (IV, IM, subQ), anal (suppository), inhalation, dermal, vaginal, nasal

Some factors that affect absorption include

Dosage • Route of administration • Solubility • pH

Drug depots

muscle, fat, and when drugs are bound to plasma protein

First pass effect

orally administered drugs are metabolized by liver enzymes before they reach the general circulation, which can reduce bioavailability

zero order kinetics

rates of drugs metabolism is constant over time, doesn't depend on drug concentration

First order kinetics

Rate of drug metabolization depends on concentration of drug

most important for elimination

kidneys

What is not phrmacokinetics

how well a drug binds

difference between an agonist and an antagonist in pharmacology?

An agonist binds to a receptor and activates it, whereas an antagonist binds to the same receptor but prevents activation

Allosteric modulator

Substances that bind to alternate sites on the receptor and influence the binding of agonists to the main receptor site