what are factors that affect the solute concentration in precipitation

marine salts, wind-blown dust, atmospheric pollution

what are dry deposition?

particles in the ground from the wind or air

what can concentration of solutes moving through vegetation lead to?

loss/gain of solutes

what are examples of soil water reactions?

cation exchange, anion absorption, mineral weathering, and decomposition

what can lead to higher solute concentrations in groundwater?

residence time and geology

why does serpentinite have lower solute concentrations?

it's more resistant to weathering

what are examples of in-channel processes?

rapid cation exchange in pipe flow, absorption and precipitation of metals & organic carbon on channel sediment, and uptake of nutrients by vegetation and microbes

what is fogwater?

water that doesn't precipitate through rain or snow

what are methods used to sample soil water?

gutters (but the hillslope flow pathways are altered), zero tension lysimeters (costly to install), suction cup samplers (often fail to collect water in dry conditions)

what depths do you have to measure in lakes/lochs?

1m below surface, just above and below thermocline, and 1m above the bottom sediment