Entropy

Energy & matter going in and out.

Thermodynamics

Total entropy always increases.

Coupling cells

Require energy (endergonic) to then release energy.(exothermic)

oxidation

loss of electrons

reduction

gain of electrons

Ph acidic level

Anything lower than 7

Ph low of hydrogens

Anything above 7

If glycolysis is prevented

will not produce ATP

If oxygen is absent during glycolysis

No pryvate is made & turns to fermentation.

Reactants = C6H12O6 + 6O2

Products = 6CO2 +6H2O + ATP

Autotrophies

Breaks down glucose (plants)

Glycolysis happens & steps

glucose is broken down with an input of ATP. Produces ADP followers. Ends with 2 GLYCERALdehyde & 3phosphate With oxygen needed, 2ATP, electron carriers, & enzymes we get 2 pryvates Enter krebb cycle

Krebb cycle.

2 pryvates are transported to the mitochondria where it's converted into Acetyl coA by oxidation. Producing 2ATPs, 6NADH, & 2FADH2(enzymes)

Since electrons (ADP) can't go through the phospholipid membrane easily

NADH & FADH2 allow the pump intracellular mitochondria by using ATP synthase to pass through.

ADP goes down synthase, powering ATP with a

3rd phosphate, making most ATP, 34-38ATP

Alternative for when glycolysis has little to no oxygen

Fermentation

Alcoholic fermentation

net: 2NADH, 2ATP, 2ACETALhydes + 2ethanol

Lactic acid fermentation

net: 2NADH, 2ATP, 2lactate

NADH to NAD

L-lose E-electrons O-Oxidized

NAD to NADH

G-Gain E-electrons R-Reduced

Electron transport chains do not occur in fermentation.

ETC is the final step of cellular respiration. & occur in the inner mitochondria.

ETC

breakdown of glucose for energy production. In chloroplasts, its photosynthesis, converting light into chemical energy.

electron carried donate to

NADH donates electrons to Complex I FADH2donates to Complex II.

As electrons move through Complexes I, III, and IV, energy is released.

(endergonic) higher concentration in the intermembrane space of mitochondrial matrix

Aspartate = asp

Acidic has CH2, C double bond O with single O

Lysine = lys

Basic & has 4 CH2 & NH3

Glycine = gly

nonpolar & contains an H

Serine = ser

polar & contains delta + CH2, delta - OH.

Hydrophobic (nonpolar)

inside phospholipids (avoid water)

(polar) Hydrophilic

Outside phospholipids (likes water)

Osmosis

movement of water

Passive transport (no energy needed)

Move from high to low concentration. Air freshener in a room example. Travels through semi preamble membranes Go's with the flow and continues moving even at equilibrium.

Hypertonic

Higher solute

hypotonic

low concentration of solute

Facilitated diffusion

Move from high to low concentration. Usually too big or charged, travel by using channels,

Active transport

Endocytosis (brings in energy)

Endocytosis

Phagocytosis- engulfs (prokaryotes) Receptors mediate -demands on receptors Pinocytosis- takes in by fluid form "drinking"

catalyst

Use same enzymes multiple times.

Cofactors & Coenzymes

Bind to enzymes to speed up its job.

Denature

enzymes are no longer working has melted, burst, frozen, etc.)

Reception

A single molecule binds to a receptor

Transduction

Activation of binding receptors may change shape or conduct a signal. (Transduction pathway)

Intracellular response

Inside phospholipids

Intercellular response

outside phospholipids

Distance with cell signaling matters TRuE oR FaLSe

True

Direct contact

cells are best friends- only have a gap between.

Parcrine signal (local)

TArget close by cells

Ligand

tiny molecule binds to big receptor

Synaptic

moves through Nuetransmitters

endocrine

long system communicating with target cells. (blood stream)

Autocrine

secretes with its own produced molecule &binds with itself.