CT

Computerized Tomography

MRI

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

EEG

Electroencephalogram

PET

Positron Emission Tomography

fRMI

Functional MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

CT - explain

x-ray beams that rotate around the head (3d)

MRI - explain

magnetic fields - soft tissue imaging (tumor, infection, disease) - no metal

EEG - explain

electrical activity of brain - consciousness, sleep states, disorders, etc

PET - explain

functional info about brain. metabolic activity - radioactive substance taken into cells and measured

fMRI - explain

oxygen in blood - not accurate maybe

fallacy of relevance

irrelevant or unrelated - ad hominin or ad populum, emotional appeals, tautologies, red herrings, searching for perfect solution

ad hominim

author attacks background of person instead of argument

ad populum

everyone else does it - bandwagon

circular reasoning / tautology

when conclusion is supported only by itself

fallacy of insuffiencent evidence

addresses the facts but does not provide evidence - appeals to ignorance, false dilemmas, hasty generalization, slippery slope arguments

appeal to ignorance

if we don't prove something wrong then it's right

Independent variables

controlled/manipulated

dependent

measured/observed

Drug definition

any chemical entity or mixture of entities, other than those required for the maintenance of normal health, the administration of which alters biological function and possibly structure

What is three contexts you should think about when evaluating statistics?

did the study use the best method to achieve its goal? was the sample appropriate and methodology clear? has the study been replicated?

Including prescription drugs and caffeine, approximately what percentage of the population of the United States is currently using some psychoactive drug?

95%

When comparing the United States to other countries, _______ is used by the highest percentage of the population.

prescription stimulants

about 50% of those who use alcohol for the first time are younger than 18

true

what is an NDA?

the application filed after a drug has successfully been through human clinical trials, but before it is approved by the FDA

Most commonly used drugs in order

Alcohol, Tobacco, Marijuana, nonmedical use of prescription medications

Variations in drug use over time

penalties for use, drugs in the media, perceived risk and accessibility, patriotic sensibilities, social activities and lifestyle

Why do people use drugs?

change state of consciousness, enhance religious experience, enhance social experience, alter and improve the body

1970 Controlled Substance Act (CSA)

five drug schedules (FDA recommends to DEA help maintain)

Preclinical (how long and what entails)

Animal testing 10+ years

IND (investigational new drug) application

after preclinical testing

Clinical trial

6-7 years

NDA application (new drug application)

After clinical trial it's submitted to FDA (.5 - 2 years) for approval

pure food and drug act

1906 must put addictive substances on label

Harrison narcotics act

1914 you have to be licensed to prescribe narcotics

prohibition

1920-1933 - no alcohol to be made

marijuana tax

1937 - banned use of marijuana

food, drug, and cosmetics act

1938 - drugs must be safe and effective, safe use, and sold over the counter

Boggs act

1951 - minimum prison sentences for drug users

narcotics control act

1956 - made drug penalties more severe

Controlled Substances Act

1970 - repealed and replaced all federal drug laws (Nixon). It also created the schedules of drugs..

During which decades did the U.S. prison population increase the most? a. 2000s–2010s b. 1920s–1930s c. 1960s–1970s d. 1980s–1990s

1960-1970

Clinical Trials - phase 1

drugs safety, 20-100 volunteers, 2 years, 70%,

Clinical trials - phase 2

effectiveness, 100-500, 33%

Clinical Trials - phase 3

1,000+, 27%, test everything