Stramenopila

A group whose signature identifying feature are its "hairy" or textured flagellum. Also often have an extra, untextured flagellum. Range in size from single-celled diatoms to multicellular algae. Include brown algae, diatoms, and water molds.

Diatoms

Unicelluar photsynthetic protists that encase themselves in glassy cell walls. Often components of freshwater and marine plankton, and most often reproduce asexually. Can "bloom" during periods of excess nutrient and resources and during this period more diatoms are produced and die than can be naturally decomposed. This causes "carbon sink"

Bacillati

Gram-positive bacteria closely related to pseudomonodata

Pseudomondata

Gram-negative bacteria that have peptidoglycan embedded within their membranes. Fix nitrogen, extract some metals, and are human pathogens

CPR

Gram-positive bacteria only known from metagenomics

Methanobacteriati

Prokaryotic Archaea involved in the methane cycle, often found in extreme environments

Thermoproteota

Prokaryotic Archaea found in sulfur-rich hot springs, acidic environments and deep ocean sediments

Promethearchaeati

Prokaryotic Archaea that are most closely related to Eukarya

Eukarya

Nuclear membrane, membrane-bound organelles, linear chromosomes

Actinomycetota

Member of Bacillati most known from decomposing organic matter and fixing nitrogen for plants

Brown Algae

Multicellular members of stramenopila, include most forms of seaweed. Form kelp forests and many have structures that resemble plants

Cocci

Spherically-shaped prokaryotes

Bacilli

Rod-shaped prokaryotes

Spirilli

Spiral-shaped prokaryotes

Alpha-protobactria

lineage that through the process of endosymbiosis created mitochondria

Cyanobacteria

Member of Bacillati: lineage that first produced energy using oxygenic photosynthesis, which led to increased concentrations of oxygen in the atmosphere. also the type of bacteria engulfed that led to chloroplasts

SAR

Supergroup composing of Stramenopila, Alveolata, and Rhizaria.

Archaaeplastida

Supergroup composing of red algae, green algae, and a clade of land plants that contains mosses, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants. (Bryophyta,Polypodiopsida,Gymonsperms, and angiosperms)

Amorphea

Supergroup that contains Amoebozoa, Fungi, Choanoflagellata, and Metazoa (Animals)

Alveolata

Monophyletic group that all contain an alveolus, which is a membrane enclosed sac beneath the cell membrane that is used to support the cell and also aid in osmoregulation. Includes dinoflagellates and cilliates

Rhizaria

Contains many of the amoebas that have thin, needle or root like pseudopodia, or false feet. Also make tests, armor-like coverings for the body of the cell made up of calcium carbonate, silicon salts, or strontium salts. Form carbon sinks when they die, as their tests weigh them down and thus out of reach of most decomposers. Includes foraminiferans

Red Algae

Lack flagella and are mostly multicelluar. Contain phycoerythrins, which are red pigments that aid in photosynthesis. They only contain chlorophyll A.

Green Algae

Aquatic plants that contain both chrolophyll A and B. Consist of single-celled organisms that form colonies and multicelluar "seaweed" organisms.

Bryophytes

Nonvascular, seedless land plants. Considered to be the oldest of the land plants. Lack lignin and uses a rhizoid to anchor itself to a substrate. Haploid reproduction requires water, as the male gametes move using a flagellum.Homospory

Polypodiopsida

Also known as true ferns: Seedless, vascular plants that tend to live in dark, wet spaces in forests. Homospory

Gymnosperms

Meaning "naked seeds", consists of plants that have seeds exposed to the environment. While some outliers exist (ginkgo tree) most are conifers. Adapted to cold and dry weather through leaf shape and does not contain vessel elements. Heterospory

Angiosperms

Flowering plants, and contain 2 unique reproductive structures: flowers, which attract pollinators using scents and nectar and fruits allow for those seeds to be dispersed far and wide. Heterospory

Plankton

diverse group of mostly microscopic organisms that drift in marine and freshwater systems and serve as a food source for larger aquatic organisms

Amoebozoa

Include species with single cells, large multinucleated cells, and multicellular phases. Pseudopodia used for movement. amoebas and slime molds

Fungi

Kingdom of Eukaryotes that are closely related to animals. Cannot undergo photosynthesis and are primarily decomposers.Fungal pigments tend to be embedded in its cell walls and mostly serves to shield from UV light.

Yeast

Term for single-celled fungi

Eumycota

"True Fungi"

Bilateria

Group that contains: Mollusca, Annelida, Nematoda, Athropoda, Echidnodermata, and Chordata

Opisthonkota

Group of eukaryotes that includes all fungi and animals: share possession of a single posterior flagellum in flagellated cells

Metazoa

Group that consists of all animals: common traits include complex, specialized tissue structures like nerve and muscle tissues, lack of cell walls,

Ctenaphora

Comb Jellies: live in marine waters and distinguishing feature is their group of cilia they use to swim.

Mollusca

A major animal phylum that includes snails, clams, squids, and octopuses. Most have a soft body, a muscular foot, a mantle, and many species also have a shell.

Echinodermata

A marine animal phylum including sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, and sea cucumbers. Adults usually have five-part radial symmetry, while larvae are bilateral, and they have a water vascular system.

Chordata

A major animal phylum whose members possess, at least at some stage, a notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and a post-anal tail. Includes vertebrates as well as tunicates and lancelets.

Arthropoda

The largest animal phylum, including insects, arachnids, crustaceans, and myriapods. They have segmented bodies, jointed appendages, and an exoskeleton made of chitin.

Nematoda

Roundworms. Unsegmented worms with elongated cylindrical bodies, a complete digestive tract, and a tough outer cuticle. They are extremely abundant and include both free-living and parasitic species.

Annelida

Segmented worms such as earthworms, leeches, and polychaetes. They have bodies divided into repeated segments and many have a true coelom and closed circulatory system.

Porifera

Sponges. Simple multicellular animals that lack true tissues and organs. They are mostly marine, filter feed through pores in their bodies, and are considered one of the earliest-diverging animal groups.

Choanoflagellates

A group of single-celled or colonial eukaryotes that are the closest living relatives of animals. They use a flagellum surrounded by a collar of microvilli to capture food.

Bacteria

1 of 3 Domains: Differences from Archaea include containing short RNA polymerase, circular chromosomes, peptidoglycan (which can result in a Gram-positive test) and DNA translation cannot start with Methianine

Archaea

2nd Domain: Differences from Bacteria include Long RNA polymerase, histones, and translation starting with methianine

LUCA

Last common universal ancestor: from which everything living today descends: shared traits include use of ATP, the central dogma, Cells, and organic molecules

Bacteriodota

Most prominent member of the Pseudomonodata group: serves an integral role in the gastrointestinal microbiome

Dinoflagellates

Alveolata that are capable of bioluminescence and are responsible for harmful algal blooms

Cilliates

Alveolata that are covered in cilia that are used to swim