What makes a group of animals be assigned to being in the same Phyla?

Sharing a similar body plan and homologous features

Why is it thought that early humans hugged the coastlines?

Easy to find protein

A testable statement describing something about the work based on observations is what?

A hypothesis

What is an ecosystem service?

Ecosystem provides a benefit to humans

How many people globally rely on seafood as a main source of protein?

3 billion

What are the Cnidarian classes? (3)

Cubozoa Hydrozoa Anthozoa

What stinging weapons do Cnidarians use to capture prey?

Nematocysts

What type of symmetry do the whole bodies of sponges show?

Asymmetry

Which Cnidaria form is expected to be sessile?

Polyp

What type of cells in sponges act as pores to let water enter and circulate?

Ostia

How does evolutionary developmental biology work?

Evolution alters the development of features that already exist, producing new forms

What key features do all Chordates possess at some point in their lives? (3)

Post-anal tail Notochord Pharyngeal gill slits

What phyla is thought to have the highest number of marine species?

Mollusca

What is the process when different species independently develop the same features?

Convergent evolution

What is the name of the crustaceans that are thought to be the most abundant organisms on earth?

Copepods

Barnacles are members of which Phyla?

Arthropoda

What phyla has a water vascular system that is used for locomotion, gas exchange, moving nutrients around and waste removal?

Echinodermata

Which group of Molluscs is able to rapidly change color for communication and defense?

Cephalopods

What type of symmetry do adult starfish tend to show?

Radial symmetry

What level of complexity have Cnidaria reached?

Tissue level

Were jawless fish diverse in the past?

Yes, highly

Are jawless fish diverse now?

No

What type of skeleton do jawless fish have?

Cartilaginous including a skull

What is the evolutionary relationship between Placoderms and modern fish?

Placoderms evolved from jawless fish, and there are differences in jaw structure that suggest modern fish are not direct descendants

What features distinguish bony fish from cartilaginous fish? (5)

Counter current in gills Skeleton made of bone Swim bladder Only one gill slit Outer layer of mucus

What did the ancestor of all land vertebrates (Tiktaalik) evolve from?

A species of lobe-finned fish

What determines zones in the intertidal?

A combination of desiccation risk and competition

What does the "strand line" represent in soft bottom intertidal habitats?

The highest point of the most recent tide

What do phytoplankton use to maintain buoyancy in the open ocean? (3)

Gas filled spaces Fats and oils in the body (lipids) Body shapes that increase drag

What kingdom are macroalgae part of?

Protista

How does macroalgae attach to substrate?

A holdfast

Which part of a lagoon would you expect the environmental conditions to be the most stable?

Outer reef slope/fore reef slope

Where on the planet are the majority of coral reefs found?

Indopacific

What are some names for different types of coral? (3)

Branching Massive/boulder Foliaceous

What is the main difference between the plankton and the nekton?

Plankton cannot swim counter to ocean currents, nekton can

What is the name of plankton that only spend part of their lives as plankton?

Meroplankton

What to deep sea species across ocean basins have to cope with? (2)

High pressure Low food availability

How much of global primary production takes place in the ocean?

50-75%

What is a marine species that acts as an agent of nutrient transfer?

Salmon

What is the cutoff for the Mesopelagic (twilight) zone?

1000 m

What is the cutoff for the epipelagic (sunlight) zone?

200 m

Why are so many mesopelagic species red?

Red light doesn't penetrate into the ocean, so red becomes invisible

Why do marine systems have more trophic levels than terrestrial systems? (3)

Marine systems are energetically efficient Marine trophic levels are closely related Fish are poikilothermic (don't use energy for heat)

Why do we see inverted trophic pyramids in marine systems?

Primary producers are consumed as fast as they reproduce?

What species can be active at the highest temperature of any animal?

Pompeii worm

What measure of diversity is most relevant for biodiversity -> ecosystem process relationships?

Functional/trait diversity

What is the name of the organization that accredits zoos and aquariums in the USA?

Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA)

What are potential issues with deep sea mining? (3)

Sedimentation High seas have little regulation We are unsure of what may happen