What was the finding of the Chicago Law Enforcement Study Group on the rate of police shootings based on race when participation in violent crimes was involved?

Disparity disappeared

True or False: Minority groups allege they are the victims of race-based policing due to the NYPD stop-and-frisk policies.

True

Who is the first decision-maker in the criminal justice system and often the most important?

Police officer

Which of the following is not one of the reasons police exercise discretion?

The police want to show they have a caring attitude toward the community

What is the main emphasis of the legalistic style of policing?

Enforcing the letter of the law strictly

Which of the following, according to Dean Wallace, is one major advantage of judicial discretion?

Case-by-case consideration leading to more equitable outcomes

According to Michael and Don Gottfredson, what challenges do the police in the U.S. face in exercising discretion?

A lack of training an expertise

What is the most significant factor in the decision to arrest, according to studies of police discretion?

Seriousness of the offense committed

According to the text, why has the legality and morality of the "fleeing felon" rule been challenged?

Presumption of innocence

What is a major variable that one study in the passage used in analyzing race and police shootings?

Participation in violent crime

How does the 2014 officer-involved shooting in Ferguson, Missouri affect law enforcement officers?

Officers felt betrayed, leading to a pullback from enforcing the law

True or False: Officers have broad discretion on whether to arrest or not to arrest in domestic violence cases.

False

Which of the following is incorrect?

The police make more arrests for aggravated or felony assault than they do for misdemeanor assault

True or False: Police are empowered to ignore crimes or to exercise discretion regarding them, even when the crime is serious.

False

The police try to create a sense that they are always there. This is called __________.

omnipresence

Researchers say that the pressure of being on duty 24 hours a day leads to stress and that the police learn to cope with that stress by _____________.

becoming emotionally detached from their work and the people they are paid to serve

True or False: The police have a subculture that is not substantially different from that found in other occupations in society.

False

The__________ is the protective barrier established by the police by which they protect one another from outsiders, often even refusing to aid police superiors or other law enforcement officials in investigating wrongdoing of other officers.

Blue Wall of Silence

William Westley defined the situation in which police officers only trust other police officers and do not aid in the investigation of wrongdoing by other officers as the __________.

Blue Curtain

Which is not a trait of the police personality?

liberalism

True or False: Officers who express a loss/increase in appetite usually have an eating disorder.

False

True or False: In a suicide by cop situation, the only victim is the suspect that has been shot by the officer.

False

What is the body's reaction to internal or external stimuli that upset the body's normal state called?

stress

Which of the following describes risk-taking behavior within policing?

Risk-taking behaviors such as being the first one though a door when a known crime is being committed is expected from police officers

A longitudinal study of police attitudes over time, as the officers were exposed to police work, highlighted that officers experience a _____________ effect.

socialization

Which is not indicative of the police personality?

idealism

A study on police depression revealed that ____________________ officers had higher levels of depression.

female

Michael K. Brown says that the police subculture is based on three major principles: honor, loyalty, and __________.

individuality

A recent longitudinal study showed officers becoming more cynical, paranoid, depressed, and angrier the longer they were exposed to police work. Which of the following personality tests was used in that study?

MMPI

Stress produced by real threats and dangers, such as responding to gun runs and other dangerous assignments, is classified as __________.

external stress

What is the term for the availability of a choice of options or actions one can take in a situation called?

Discretion

What did the common law fleeing felon doctrine allow law enforcement officers to do?

Use deadly force against any fleeing felony suspect

True or False: Gender does not play an important role in the use of force incidents by police officers.

False

Which of the following is not one of James Q. Wilson's operating styles?

Aggressive

What is one of the main methods commonly used by the police to maintain order and protect life and property?

By engaging in routine patrol

In watchman policing style, what should be the primary concern of officers?

Maintaining order and controlling illegal behavior

According to the text, what did research identify as the most significant factor influencing an officer's decision to make an arrest after a traffic stop?

Suspect being under the influence of alcohol or drugs

What is the name of the theory proposed by Wilson and Kelling that suggests crime will increase in areas of a community that are allowed to become run-down and ill-maintained?

Broken Windows theory

True or False: The "defense of life" standard allowed police officers to use deadly force against people who were using deadly force against an officer or another person.

True

Due to criticism over the use of deadly force, what new method are 96 percent of local police departments using to put resisting and fleeing suspects under control?

Use of chemical sprays/less-than-lethal weapons

True or False: The police themselves emphasize their role as crime fighters and play down their job as peacekeepers and social service providers.

True

True or False: One factor that identifies a police shooting as "suicide by cop" is that the subject experiencing suicidal thoughts must confront law enforcement to the degree that the officer or officers are compelled to react with deadly force to defend themselves or others from serious bodily injury or death.

True

Which researcher conducted the classic study of the police subculture in Gary, Indiana?

William Westley

Which theorist authored one of the best-known studies of the police personality?

Arthur Niederhoffer

True or False: The longer officers are in their profession, the more hostile they become.

True

All of the following are examples of traits of the police personality except ___________.

compassion

True or False: Police officers and their families tend to avoid socializing with other police officers and their families, choosing to socialize instead with people in other lines of work.

False

True or False: Suicide is a serious problem in policing.

True

Researchers estimate that ____________________ percent of all police officers have alcohol problems.

20 to 30