Chief of State: serves as the __ of the nation.

representative

Head of Government: president is the person atop the federal government’s__ team and in charge of the day-to-day operations of government.

policy-making

As the head of government, the president supervises the __ which includes deciding how to execute the laws of the land. Ex: John F. Kennedy's Equal Employment Opportunity Commission in 1961.

Executive Branch

Executive Agreements: between the President of the United States and the head of another country that does not require any __ approval

congressional

__ of 1941: permitted the president to lend “defense articles” to any government “whose defense the president judges vital to the defense of the United States.”

Lend Lease Act

Executive Privilege: presidents right to refuse to hand over __ requested by Congress.

information

__ most immediately surround the president and act as personal advisers. ex: speech writers, press and appointment secretaries, and political advisers.

The White House Staff

Members of the__ of the President (or E.O.P.) act as policy advisers to the president. ex: economic advisers, legislative advisers. The president appoints them / may fire them at any time.

Executive Office

Cabinet Departments and Executive Agencies: Organizations created by congressional statutes who carry out policy. Assist the president in fulfilling the roles of the chief executive and provide the president with advice on future policies to __. ex: Agriculture, Commerce, Defense, and Homeland Security, The Small Business Administration, and NASA .

pursue

The president nominates the heads of these organizations, but they require __confirmation. They carry out the will of Congress who has a say as to who heads.

Senate

Everyone below the few top levels in these organizations are hired under provisions of the__ based on merit.

Civil Service

The Cabinet / executive agencies may be in a better position to give advice because they are__ on the president for their jobs and more likely to say no to the president when needed.

less dependent

Appointment Power: The Constitution empowers the president to appoint all federal judges and Supreme Court justices, and top-level cabinet and executive agency __, subject to Senate confirmation.

personnel

judicial appointments serve for life; Executive Branch appointments serve “at the__”

president’s pleasure

Legislative Power The president is required by federal law to submit proposals. This process has become institutionalized as the president’s annual __

“State of the Union Address.”

As chief diplomat, the president meets with__, negotiates treaties, and enters into executive agreements with them

foreign heads of state

As commander-in-chief, the president oversees the nation’s __: With the aid of the Secretary of Defense, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the National Security Council.

military establishment

Though the Constitution makes the president the commander-in-chief of our armed forces, it gives the power to declare war to the __.

Congress

War Powers Resolution in 1973: The act limits the president’s ability to commit troops into hostile action without the express consent of __.

Congress

The contention among presidential scholars like Richard __is that presidents’ constitutional and legal powers add up to no more than that of a servant to Congress.

Neustadt

How did Executive Branch become most powerful? the Great Depression of the 1930s, The Second World War in the early 1940s, and the Cold War of the late 1940s through the late 80s all required action—in many instances __.

immediate action

Brownlow Committee on Administrative Management in its 1937: following President Roosevelt’s attempts to cope with expanded government in the face of the __.

Great Depression

By the late 1920s, the Executive Branch grew to and has remained at over__ civilian personnel. There are yet another 2 million military personnel under the Department of Defense.

1.5 million

These numbers make the Executive Branch the largest __ in world history!

single employer