Positive Punishment

Billy hit Bob with a pool noodle in hopes that he would stop stealing his food

Positive Reinforcement

Bob starts telling Billy hes the best friend ever when he lets him eat his food so that he will continue to let him eat his food

Negative Punishment

Billy takes away Bob's food and throws it away, he hopes this will decrease the likelihood that Bob will eat his food again.

Negative Reinforcement

Bob plays an airhorn sound when Billy doesn't let him eat his food, he continues the noise until he lets him eat his food. He hopes that this will make Billy more prone to sharing his food

Absolute Amount and Quality

Increases Reinforcer Effectiveness

Relative Amount and Quality

Increases Reinforcer Effectiveness (contrast effectiveness; expectations)

Delay to Reward

Keeping This Low Increases Reinforcer Effectiveness

R-Sr Contingency

Increases Reinforcer Effectiveness (whereas free access limits this effect)

Hedonic Hypothesis

Thorndike: We seek pleasure and avoid pain. Appetitive and aversive stimuli can act as reinforcers

Drive Reduction Hypothesis

Clark Hull: Reduce biological drives

Premack's Principle

David Premack: Access to high probability behavior reinforces the low probability behavior

Response-Deprivation Hypothesis

Bill Timberlake: The high probability response produces and is reinforced by restriction of the low probability behavior

Law of Effect (Thorndike)

Satisfaction increases responding and dissatisfaction decreases future responding. He also viewed the association as occuring between stimulus and response, not the outcome/consequence

Free Operant Responding

No limitation between the number of responses and the consequence

According to Skinner, what is associated in the context of operant conditioning?

Antecedent Stimulus, Response/Behavior, Consequence

Shaping by Successive Approximations

Reinforcing continually closer responses to the target one, extinguishing the reinforcement of previous behaviors as the process of conditioning progresses

Marking Procedure

Marking the target response makes it more salient

p(reinforcer|R) > p(reinforcer|no R)

Positive contingency

p(reinforcer) < p(reinforcer|no R)

Negative Contingency

Establishing Operations

Enhance the effectiveness of a reinforcer

Abolishing Operations

Antagonistic, and decreases the effectiveness of a reinforcer

What is the tested following the Pavlovian Instrumental Transfer Procedure?

The association between the antecedent stimulus (CS) and the response (Behavior)

Generalized Conditioned Reinforcers

Always valuable due to being preconditioned. Money is a big one (hard to devalue with more work)